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sleepbby:

reblog and tag the languages you speak/understand in order of proficiency!!

Grimm’s Law was highly successful at predicting the forms of Germanic words but there were many exceptions. However, the discovery of Verner’s Law showed that exceptions might just be apparent; sound change is still ‘regular and exceptionless’, you just have to look a bit closer for the regularities.

An example of one such ‘exception’ is father, from above.

Note how Latin pater (which retains the /p/ and /t/ from PIE) shows up as father in English. IE /p/ > Gmc /f/ as predicted by Grimm’s Law, but IE /t/ has not come out as /θ/ instead we find /ð/. More telling are examples of related words which have the predicted sound in some cases but not in others! For example, English birthandburden are both related but show different outcomes of what was historically the same consonant.

Karl Verner noticed, however, that the unpredictable instances correlated with the position of accent in PIE. Sanskrit retains much of the earlier accent system which Germanic has subsequently changed. Sanskrit pater retains the accent following the /t/. Verner noticed that Germanic results from Law A were voiced unless they were immediately preceded by an accented syllable (in which case they would be voiceless) – this is Verner’s Law. Subsequently many of these Germanic voiced fricatives became voiced stops (thus leading to birthandburden). Germanic also underwent an Accent Shift whereby the position of accent changed. This annihilated the conditions for Verner’s Law but left the results of it unchanged, i.e. the results went from being conditioned and predictable (phonetic) to unconditioned and unpredictable (phonemic).

Verner’s Law also helped to explain cases of /s/-/r/ alternations, so called rhotacism. That is /s/ was pronounced as [z] by Verner’s Law unless preceded by accent. This [z] sound then underwent rhotacism to become /r/. Old Latin shows flos-floris‘flower’, English shows was-were etc. Many of the results of Verner’s Law have, however, been lost through analogical levelling. Latin underwent levelling to yield flor-floris‘flower’ and many English dialects have levelled the was-wereparadigm (as has Modern German), i.e. you might hear people saying ‘we was, you was, they was’.

Verner’s Law was and is a fantastic example of how powerful the comparative method is when applied carefully and rigorously. It also gave a great confidence boost to the Neogrammarian Hypothesis which says that sound change is regular and exceptionless. But that is not the end of Verner’s Law…it’s still around in places. When you next come across execute and executor/executive, think carefully about where the stress falls and how you are pronouncing the <x> in those cases – you might just see Verner’s Law in action!

Grimm’s Law (also called the First Germanic Sound Shift) refers to changes which affected the stop consonants in what became the Germanic subgroup of the Indo-European language family (Proto-Germanic being the ancestor of all Germanic languages, i.e. Gothic, German, Yiddish, Swedish, Icelandic, Dutch, Afrikaans, Old English, English etc.). There are in fact three series of changes which changed some aspect of the articulation of the IE stop consonants whilst retaining the same number of distinctions (number of phonemes).

Law A:             IE /p t k/          >          Gmc /f θ x/

Law B:             IE /b d g/         >          Gmc /p t k/

Law C:             IE /bh dh gh/   >          Gmc /β ð γ/ (which later became /b d g/)

Exactly when this happened is not known but we can at least work when the Laws may have taken effect relative to each other, e.g. Law A cannot have happened after Law B because otherwise we would expect IE /b d g/ to show up as /f θ x/ in Germanic.

For example:

Latinpater > Englishfather, German Vater(German orthographic <v> is pronounced /f/)

Greektri > English three

Latincord- > English heart (English /h/ descends from earlier /x/)

Sanskritbhratar > English brother, German Bruder

These are standard but selective examples. Standard in the sense that you’ll find them in text books; selective in that we cannot simply look at one language and expect it to faithfully represent changes which happened hundreds of years ago. Latin, Greek and Sanskrit have undergone changes since Proto-Indo-European and English and German have undergone changes since Proto-Germanic. Modern German shows evidence of a Second Germanic Sound Shift which changed the Germanic stop consonants again! English did not undergo this change as it had already separated from the language that was to become German (compare threeanddrei,daughterandTochteretc.).

British Black Teen Fuckmeat

British Black Teen Fuckmeat


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a6:

“lmao ____ people cant pronounce the _____ sound!!” wow ur right……. its almost like… there are thousands of languages other than english….. and they each use a certain set of sounds and dont use others……. and wow its almost like ur making fun of them when if you were 2 try and pronounce a ق or a ح u would sound like a fucking loser wow isnt that strange

linguisticmaps: The voiced interdental fricative - [ð]. It mostly occurs as the voiced counterpart o

linguisticmaps:

The voiced interdental fricative - [ð]. It mostly occurs as the voiced counterpart of [θ] in the languages that have it, or as an allophone of /d/, like in Spanish. This is the sound present in English TH like in THat, or THe, or moTHer. In many dialects of English this sound is substituted by [d], [v] or [z], like London English, Philadelphia English, African American Vernacular English, North New Zealand English, Irish English. 


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29/11/2021

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Urgh I have three weeks to film a video for English class… So I took some silly notes on my iPad.

I believe in writing using pink and purple supremacy ♡

Day 61/?

What’s the best way to form a compound possessive with a first person pronoun?

Context: I saw a sentence that said “If you would like to be invited to Tommy and I’s wedding please let me know.”

It is Tommy and I’s, Tommy and My’s, Tommy and Mine (? Mine’s)

The best rephrasing I could come up with was “My and Tommy’s” but that changes the word order

Any thoughts?

theredscreech:

I got super bored last night, so I started a list of English homonyms (words that sound the same, but are spelt differently). I am now up to 183 sets of words, and I haven’t even googled a full list yet; they’re all from memory.

Why is English like this??

Why am I like this??

UPDATE: 203

UPDATE: 222

UPDATE: 242

Apparently these are actually called homophones (I am such a fraud!) and apparently finding a full list is ridiculously stupid because it’s all British. I am Canadian, not British, so I know that words like ‘farther’ and ‘father’ do not, in fact, sound the same.

Also, ‘draft’ and ‘draught’ are not the same.

Andapparently ‘draught’ isn’t even an American word, since Tumblr has so kindly decided to underline it in bright red.

English is so freakishly stupid.

UPDATE: 254

UPDATE: 285 [insert crying emoji here]

Charles James Four-leaf Clover 1953

Charles James Four-leaf Clover 1953


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English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth (Father of Haute Couture) Haute Couture 1985

English Designer: Charles Frederick Worth

(Father of Haute Couture)

Haute Couture 1985


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Requested (:

I stood in front of the mirror, inspecting myself, when I heard a voice speak up.
“You look absolutely stunning, like always.”
Blush coated my cheeks as I turned around to face my boyfriend Antoine.
“Thank you! You look extremely handsome as well. Are you ready to go?” He nodded and offered me a hand which I gladly took.
Not much later we arrived at the restaurant, and hurried inside, not wanting any paparazzi to see us. We found a table and as I was about to sit down Antoine pulled out the chair for me, a cheeky grin evident at his face.
“What’s up with you tonight?” I laughed, “You act so romantic, I haven’t forgotten about our anniversary or anything right?”
A flash of panic striked his face, but as I was about to ask him about it, we got interrupted.
“Can I take your order?”
Antoine nodded, and started to list up what we wanted.
“What do you want to drink Y/N?”
I was about to answer when I heard the waiter gasp, “Oh my God! Y/N?”
Confused to why the waiter recognised me, I looked up, only to see my ex -boyfriend Brandon.
“Brandon, hey! Long time no see,” I smiled, feeling a tad akward as Antoine openly glared at Brandon. “Yeah,” he smiled, not noticing Antoine’s hard gaze.
“How have you been?”
“All good, you?”
“Much better now that I’ve spoken to you,” he grinned cheekily, making me realise it was time to tell him that I wasn’t interested. But before I got the chance, Antoine stormed off.
“I’m so sorry, but I got to go,” I smiled apologetic and left before he got the chance to respond.
Antoine had taken car, leaving me to hire a cab in order to get home.

“Antoine, are you there?” Silence.
“Come on,” I groaned as I walked into the bedroom.
“What?” A voice spat from beneath the duvets. I walked over and took away the duvets that were covering him, before giving him a hug. “Please don’t be jealous,” I whispered and kissed him.
“Why not?”, he grumbled, “That fop ruined everything, I was supposed to propose and every-” He cut himself off and widened his eyes when he realised what he said.
“You were supposed to propose?” I gaped, feeling so happy that I was about to explode. “Yeah,” he nodded nervously before standing off the bed and sitting down on one knee on the floor next to me.

“I know it isn’t as romantic as you deserve your proposal to be, but hopefully you still say yes. I love you more than anything, and I had a whole speech prepared but now I’ve forgotten the whole thing, so I’ll just get to the point; will you marry me?”

I smiled widely and jumped off the bed and into his arms, “Yes! And you didn’t have to worry about Brandon, cus’ I’m all yours.”
He smirked and kissed me hardly,
“Then prove it.”
“Gladly.”

Requested (:

As the judge blew, signalling that the Euro finals were over, the audience went crazy. The French side was devestated, while the Portuguese was overjoyed.
Me on the other hand, could only think about how Antoine was feeling. He had worked so hard for this, and for nothing.
As Portugal lifted the trophy, I stood up and made my way to the French wardrobe, mentally preparing myself for what was to come.
He was already waiting as I arrived, and even though his face was emotionless, you could easily see the pain in his eyes. I hastily walked the last steps over to him and opened my arms widely, a comforting smile on my lips.
“Hey, I’m so sorry! You all worked so hard, and I know you’re upset. Do you need space or-”
He cut me off quickly and shook his head, tears starting to form in his eyes. “I just want to go home and cuddle, please?”
I nodded and gave him a tight hug before letting go, “Of course, let’s go.” Grabbing his hand, the two of you made your way to the car.
“And the little one also very much enjoyed the game, he wouldn’t be quiet in there,” I laughed and placed a loving hand on my three months pregnant belly. I could see Antoine smile softly at the thought of our little one, but the happiness disappeared as soon as it came.

“Hey! Antoine, over here! How does it feel to loose?”
“Are Y/N going to leave you now that you lost?”
“Do you think Portugal deserved to win?”

The paparazzi continued to shout out questions, some very rude ones, as well as snapping tons of pictures. I felt Antoine tense up, and I quickly gave his hand a gentle squeeze causing him to relax slightly.
We finally arrived to the car and made our way home, none of us being in the talkative mood.
As we arrived home, Antoine went straight for bed and motioned for me to join him, but I shook my head.
“I just have to fix something quickly, two sec and then we’ll cuddle.”
I walked into the kitchen and found a huge box of ice cream, and then grabbed two spoons. Walking back into the bedroom, I saw Antoine smile slightly as he saw what I had brought.
“Now,” I said and plopped down in the bed without caring about getting changed, “we can cuddle.”
We ate the ice cream in silence, and I then cleaned it away before we got ready for bed. I was about to fall asleep when I heard him speak up, “Thank you for comforting me tonight.”
Curling up against his chest, I smiled and gazed lovingly up at him.
“I would do anything for you, Antoine. I love you so much!”
“I love you too! And I don’t need a stupid trophy, cause’ with you and the little one, I’ve already wun!”

lacommunedeparis:

can you reblog and tag this with where you live, your native language and the sound you make when calling cats? like what do you say to a cat when you want it to come?

english-milf-daniella:my phat ass eating a thong - http://www.englishmilf.co.uk English MILF booty

english-milf-daniella:

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A lovely big ass, big tits, and she’s dirty too - check out @english-milf-daniella, if you don’t already!
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The English write Dictionaries.

The French write Rule Books.

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