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The Imparfait is formed by adding the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient to the stem of the verb in its first person plural (nous) form. Example: -parler - to speak - nous form of parler: parlons - Remove the -ons and add the forms of the Imparfait to the stem parl:
Je parlais- I was speaking Tu parlais- You were speaking Il/Elle/On parlait- He/She/It was speaking Nous parlions- We were speaking Vous parliez- You were speaking Ils/Elles parlaient- They were speaking
2. Passé Composé
ThePassé Composé is formed by combining the present tense of the verbs avoirorêtre (for verbs of movement) as auxiliaries with the past participle of the verb being conjugated.
Example: -parler - to speak - Past Participle of parler: parlé - is formed with the verb avoir as auxiliarie:
J’ai parlé - I spoke Tuas parlé - You spoke Il/Elle/Ona parlé - He/She/It spoke Nousavons parlé - We spoke Vousavez parlé - You spoke Ils/Ellesont parlé - They spoke
3. Imparfait or Passé Composé?
In short:
Imparfait = what was happening all around you (including you), background. Also ongoing events, habits, what used to be. Passé composé = what took place at that very moment: a specific event or a succession of specific events, the main storyline.
In detail:
The Imparfait
1.Describes incomplete and ongoing actions or events in the past.It explains what was happening, with no indication of when or even if it ended. ~ Il parlait vite.- He was speaking quickly
2.to describe habitual actions in the past. ~ Nous regardions la télé tous les soirs. - We were watching TV every evening.
3. Describes a person, place, thing or state of mind. (Background information) ~ J’etais ravi. - I was delighted.
The Passé Composé
1. Expresses actions or events that were started and completed at a definite time in the past. It describes what took place and specific events. ~ Un lundi, nous avons dîné au restaurant. - One Monday, we dined in a restaurant.
2. Expresses a specific action or event that was repeated for a stated number of time. ~ J’ai perdu mon livre deux fois. - I lost my book twice.
3. The passé composé describes actions that constitute the storyline. It tells the series of specific events that took place. (No Background information) ~ j’ai pris un selfie et j’ai souri pour la photo. - I took a selfie and I smiled for the picture.
4. Expressions that are usually followed by the Imparfait:
e lundi, le soir, le matin… - On Mondays, in the evening, in the morning…
tous les lundis (tous les matins, tous les soirs, tous les jours…) - Every Monday, every morning, every evening, everyday…
chaque jour (chaque mois, chaque année…), - Each day, month, year…
parfois, quelques fois – sometimes
rarement– rarely, seldom
généralement, en général – in general
5. Expressions that are usually followed by the Passé Composé:
d’abord, premièrement – first
puis, ensuite – then
enfin, finalement – finally
soudain– suddenly
tout à coup – all of a sudden
tout de suite – right away
6. Imparfait and Passé Composé in the same sentence
TheImparfaitdescribes ongoing background actions, what was happening at that time - these actions had started before, and may continue after.
ThePassé Composé describes a specific action that took place at a precise time as the background action was going on:
~ Ils sont entrés pendant que nous dormions. - They came in as we were sleeping. “They came in” is the specific action. “We were sleeping” is the ongoing background action.
Otto I. “The Great” undertook an intense diplomatic effort to improve the relationship with the Byzantine empire. One of these measures was to marry his son Otto II. with a Byzantine princess. After several failed attempts, he managed to convince Constantinople to send a bride. The girl who arrived in Germany was apparently a disappointment: Instead of the deceased Byzantine emperor Romanos II.’s daughter, a niece of his ousted predecessor was sent to Germany. Some advisors told him to send her back, but Otto I. decided to marry her anyway with his son, probably to avoid more diplomatic trouble.
In April 24, 972, the wedding took place. In this document, after a theological introduction, the political circumstances of the marriage are mentioned. After that, legal affairs are regulated. The empress obtained imperial rights for several provinces and courtyards scattered from Italy to today’s Netherlands, and income from these territories.
The parchment is soaked with a purple-red pigment mixture from lead red and madder root. The golden pigment of the ink is a pulverized alloy of silver and gold. It is largely written in calligraphic minuscles. The OTTO monograms near the bottom are very well recognizable, and by reading closely, you may actually find Theophanu’s name.
Theophanu apparently took a very active role during the reign of her husband, as many documents carrying her name prove. When he suddenly died, she took over the regency for her only five year old son, together with her mother-in-law until her death in 991.
The very well preserved 144.5 by 39.5 cm large document was forgotten in the library of the Gandersheim monastery for centuries. It was rediscovered around 1700; its importance was recognized by mathematician and scholar Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It is now on permanent public display in a darkened room under optimal air-conditioning at the State Library of Lower Saxony in Wolfenbüttel.
Sitz!-Sit! Platz! - Lay down! Gib Pfötchen! - shake hands! Roll dich - Roll over! Gib Laut! - Speak! Fass!- Attack! Bei Fuß! - Heel! Bleib! - Stay! Aus!- Stop! or Drop! Komm (her) - come (here) Hol!- Fetch! Braver Hund - good dog
Verben - verbs:
bellen - to bark adoptieren - to adopt apportieren- to fetch loben - to praise jmd. etwas beibringen - to teach sb. smth. knurren- to snarl jaulen- to howl (den Hund) anleinen - to leash (den Hund) ableinen - to take the leash off the dog streicheln - to pet Gassi gehen - to walk your dog
Nomen - Nouns:
Der Hund - dog Die Hündin - female dog Der Rüde - male dog das Leckerli - treat die Leine - leash der Welpe - Puppy das Hundespielzeug - dog toy das Fell - fur die Rute - a dog’s tail der Kauknochen - chew bone
