Aspirations occurs in English in initial onsets like in ‘pat’ [pʰæt], ‘tack’ [’tʰæk] or ‘cat’ [’kʰæt]. It is not phonemic, since it doesn’t distinguish meanings, but it’s distinctive in Mandarin e.g. 皮 [pʰi] (skin) vs. 比 [pi] (proportion).
Languages that have a phonemic glottal stop /ʔ/ - about 40% of all human languages. This is a very widespread consonant except in Indo-European, Niger-Congo, Turkic, Uralic, Mongolic, Dravidian, Koreanic and Japonic languages.
It’s almost universally present in the indigenous languages of the Americas, in Afro-Asiatic languages, in Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages, in Papuan languages, North Caucasian langauges, and in some Khoe, Sino-Tibetan, Daic, Uralic, Iranian, Turkic and Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages. It’s also present in Estuary and Scouse English as in ‘watter’ as /woːʔɐ/.
How do languages form relative clauses like “the man that ate bread went home”.
Relative pronoun/particle/complementizer - “the man [that/whoate bread] went home”. Typical of Indo-European, Uralic and Semitic languages.
Correlative relative (non-reduction) - “the man [who ate bread], [that man] went home or “the man [he ate bread] went home” - this strategy involves an anaphor, repeating the antecedent with a noun/pronoun. Pronoun retention is also lumped in here. This strategy occurs in Indo-Aryan languages (Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, etc.), in Mande languages (e.g Bambara in Mali), Yoruba, Lakhota, Warao, Xerente, Walpiri, etc.
Nominalized/participial relative - “the [bread eating] man went home” or “the [bread eaten] man went home” - I lumped this two together because the behaviour is very similar - used in Turkic, Mongolic, Koreanic, Dravidian, and Bantu languages.
Genitive relative - “[ate bread]’s man went home" - used in Sino-Tibetan, Khmer, Tagalog, Minangkabau, and Aymara.
Relative affix - “the man [ate-REL bread] went home” - used in Seri, Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages and Maale (Omotic).
Adjunction - “the man [ate bread] went home”, with no overt marker just justapositions modifying the main clause. Used in Japanese, Thai, Shan, Lao, Malagasy.
Internally headed relative - "[the man ate the bread] went home", the nucleous is in the relative clause itself. Used in Navajo, Apache, Haida.
If you know about the languages left in blank, please let me know!
Nonconcatenative morphology, also called discontinuous morphology and introflection, is a form of word formation in which the root is modified and which does not involve stringing morphemes together sequentially.
It may involve apophony (ablaut), transfixation (vowel templates inserted into consonantal roots), reduplication, tone/stress changes, or truncation.
It is very developed in Semitic, Berber, and Chadic branches of Afro-Asiatic. It also occurs extensively among other language families: Nilo-Saharan, Northeast Caucasian, Na-Dene, Salishan and the isolate Seri (in Mexico).
[Of the various Pathfinder interpretations of folkloric and mythological monsters, the “delgeth” is among the most In Name Only adaptations. A flaming elk that starts forest fires where it runs is a cool concept. But it sure as hell isn’t the original déélgééd/delgeth/teelget, which is one of the Ayane from Navajo legend. So this is another “If I Ran the Zoo” monster.]
Teelget CR 13 CE Magical Beast This creature is enormous, with its belly over the height of a human standing up. It is shaped vaguely like a deer, except that it has no head—rather, the front half of its body splits open into a gargantuan maw. It has a pair of antlers growing where its neck should start, and a row of beady black eyes over its mouth. Its hooves are cloven and sharp.
The teelget is a monstrous deer like carnivore with supernaturally keen vision despite its headless nature. Its eyes are small but very precise, and they have been known to spot prey from miles away and chase them down. A teelget favors flat environments where its eyesight can come in handy, and is almost impossible to sneak up on. Their monstrous appearance belies their intelligence—a teelget is clever and insightful, and use this intellect primarily as an engine for sadism.
Weak opponents flee in terror from the charge of a teelget, and stronger ones may wish they had. A teelget can lower its horns and charge for devastating damage, raking through multiple enemies at once. If it can’t line up multiple foes, or if a single enemy seems to be particularly troublesome, it remains in melee, bringing its shark-like teeth and powerful hooves to bear along with its horns. Although they are forked like antlers, the appendages of a teelget are true horns—they are not lost or covered in skin at any point, but are deadly weapons throughout the year.
Teelget CR 13 XP 25,600 CE Gargantuan magical beast Init+7;Sensesdarkvision 120 ft., Perception +32, telescopic vision Aurafrightful presence (90 ft., Will DC 21) Defense AC28, touch 10, flat-footed 24 (-4 size, +3 Dex, +1 dodge, +18 natural) hp172 (15d10+90); ferocity Fort+15,Ref+12,Will+13 DR15/magic;Resistcold 10, fire 10; SR24 Offense Speed60 ft. Meleegore +24 (2d8+13), bite +24 (2d6+13), 2 hooves +22 (1d8+6) Space20 ft.; Reach15 ft. Special Attacks bounding charge,powerful charge (gore, 4d8+21) Statistics Str37,Dex17,Con23,Int12,Wis22,Cha18 Base Atk +15;CMB+32;CMD46 (48, 50 vs. trip) FeatsCombat Reflexes, Dodge, Improved Initiative, Iron Will, Mobility, Multiattack, Power Attack, Stand Still SkillsAcrobatics +21 (+33 when jumping), Perception +24, Sense Motive +21; Racial Modifiers +4 Perception LanguagesCommon, Sylvan Ecology Environmentwarm plains and deserts Organizationsolitary or pair Treasurestandard Special Abilities Bounding Charge (Ex) As a full round action, a teelget can move up to twice its speed, and make a single gore attack against every foe it passes. When it does so, it gains the bonuses and penalties for making a charge. Its movement provokes attacks of opportunity as normal, and it may only attack each opponent once. It must end its movement adjacent to the last opponent it strikes. Telescopic Vision (Su) A teelget suffers a -1 penalty on Perception checks related to vision for every 100 feet of distance.
FARMINGTON, N.M. — Navajo Code Talkers became legendary for using their native tongue during World War II to transmit messages the enemy could not decipher. To this day, they are celebrated at parades and honored at military events nationwide.
They’ve shaken hands with presidents, and their heroics have been portrayed in a major motion picture.
But when they return home to Navajo country, it’s often to something less than Hollywood splendor. Some Code Talkers live without electricity or running water. Others lack central heating. One Code Talker even lives in a house that has been struck by lightning, which is taboo in Navajo tradition. The lightning strike left a mark that is visible above the door.
Recently, a group of Navajo Code Talkers and their families gathered at a community center and expressed their disappointment in the difficult housing conditions many of them face.
They detailed their concerns and frustrations to a Los Angeles Times reporter.
Two code Talkers, their wives, a widow and daughter laid out their grievances. Alfred Newman Sr. and his wife, Betsy, said they feel a bit used when paraded around at events.
“People talk about Code Talkers. They say how famous they are,” Betsy Newman said.
Every person in the room told similar stories.
Anne Tso, widow of Code Talker Samuel Nakai Tso, spoke about how her husband died recently without seeing the dream of his tribe-sponsored home completed.
Across the room, Samuel F. Sandoval, a 90-year-old Code Talker, said his wife must work several jobs to make improvements to their home.
“They don’t feel like they are famous,” Newman said.
Navajo Nation officials think about Code Talkers and invoke them around tribal elections, she said, but otherwise “they forget about us.”
This tee was designed by Navajo artist Dustin Martin for his company S.O.L.O. (Sovereign Original Land Owners).
“Ceci n'est pas un conciliateur.” TRANSLATION: “This is not a peacemaker.”
The “New Model Army Metallic Cartridge Revolving Pistol” was adopted as the standard military service revolver from 1873-1892. Nicknamed the “Peacemaker”, Samuel Colt’s revolutionary side arm was used by Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s 7th Cavalry during The Great Sioux War of 1876. Custer and 267 of his men were killed when they engaged a combined force of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors desperate to protect their families camped along the Little Bighorn River on June 25th. Led by the likes of Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, these sovereign original land owners understood that the implement on Custer’s hip meant anything but peace. RESIST THE HYPE.
White Sands, New Mexico. The desert is located in Tularosa Basin New Mexico. Its white sands are not composed of quartz, like most desert sands, but of gypsumandcalcium sulfate. Unlike other desert sands, it is cool to the touch, due to the high rate of evaporation of surface moisture and the fact that the sands reflect, rather than absorb, the sun’s rays.
A Navajo blanket was appraised on PBS’s “Antiques Roadshow” for $500,000. After seeing the broadcast, a disabled man realized he had a similar blanket sitting in his closet for seven years. He took it to an auctioneer, and its final bid was $1.5 million.
When we gaze into an advancing landscape, forgetting about the rest of what surrounds us, we become lost in its features, coming to life as though it were climbing out of a hazy abyss, momentarily alive in its relative motion, its features expressing detail and meaning in the shifting shadows…we come to know the earth at a personal level…what stands out to me; what stands out to you…we view the…
The mask of airborne vapor rolls back to reveal the dreamscape in the arid desert below. Red earth giving way to the Red Rock Cliffs and the tearful flow of the Adeii Eichii Cliffs beyond…an unearthly scene, yet every drift and crenellation revealing the mystical soul of this place and fortifying our imaginations. This is a place of dreams layered upon earth.
I love stuff like this. Didn’t a tribe in Africa send America some cows after 9/11? Like this is holy and the most valuable thing we have. We hear your suffering and want to do anything in our power to help
It was not a potato famine. The famine didn’t happen because of the potato yeald failing. Ireland was actually producing more than enough food. However it was almost all land owned by Brittish landowners, who took all of the food out of the country to sell in UK. Potato was what the Irish farmers ate, because it was cheep and could be produced in worst parts of the land, where more profitable food couldn’t be grown. When there were no longer potatos, the decision for the farmers was to either starve and sent the food as rent to the landlords or loose their homes and then starve.
The Brittish goverment was unwilling to do anything for two reasons. First was the laissez-faire capitalistic ideology, that put the rights of property owners to make profits above human lives. Rent freeze was unthinkable and they even were unwilling to do proper relief efforts as free food would lower the cost of food. The second reason was distain for the Irish, and the thought that they were “breeding too much” and the famine was a natural way to trim down the population, aka genocidal reasoning.
This is why it’s important to stress it was not a potato famine. The potato blinght was all over Europe but only in Ireland there was a famine. The reasons behind it had nothing to do with potatos and everything to do with the Brittish.
Apparently what made Choctaw want to offer relief to Irish was the news about the Doolough Tragedy. Hundreds of starving people were gathered for inspection to verify they were entitled to recieve relief. The officials would for *some reason* not do that and instead left to a hunting lodge 19 kilometers away to spend the night and said to the starvqing people they would have to walk there by morning to be inspected. The weather conditions were terrible and many of them died completely needlessly during the walk thoroung day and night.
This apparently reminded the Choctaw of their own very recent (and much more explicit and bigger scale) experiences of ethnic clensing, where they were forcibly relocated. It was basically a death march and thousands of Choctaw died from the terrible conditions also completely needlessly.
In 2015 a memorial named Kindred Spirits was installed in Southern Ireland to commemorate the Chactow donation.
“Stevens adds, “We don’t know if the lake is ever going to rise this high again, with the climate changes and all that, so maybe there’s an opportunity here for the Navajo people”—an opportunity to take a good look at what was destroyed when the reservoir filled, and what can be saved now, as it empties.”
![Aspirated plosivesAspirations occurs in English in initial onsets like in ‘pat’ [pʰæt], ‘tack’ [’tʰæ](https://64.media.tumblr.com/336a13765fb031784e1593639b0bb427/49a2b1dfe50b20fa-60/s1280x1920/bacfce7c8a594925b494a66a1177334d9a84edb7.png "Aspirated plosivesAspirations occurs in English in initial onsets like in ‘pat’ [pʰæt], ‘tack’ [’tʰæ")
