a) When it’s causal conjunction (why something happened)
«Não saio, porque está a chover.»
b) When it’s final conjunction (gives a consequence of earlier conclusion). In this case, it’s equal to “a para que”, “a fim de que”, “para”:
«A cidade e poder, e porque vejam/ Os Cristãos, que só tanto ver desejam» (Os Lusíadas, II, 7).
c) When it’s an interrogative adverb
«Porque não vens comigo?» «Porque faz ele isto?»
In these directinterrogative clauses, it’s an adverb, because it’s connected to a verb
it’s also an interrogative adverb in indirect interrogative clauses:
«Diz-me láporque faltaste à aula.» «O pai perguntou-lhe porque não veio.»
The word porque also is an interrogative adverb after the adverb eis in phrases like these:
«Eisporque havemos de ser tolerantes.» «Eisporque não concordo contigo.»
The word porque is also an interrogative adverb in titles of books, like for example: “Porque Viemos”. “Porque Sou Cristão.”
We write “por que”
a) When por is a preposition and que is a relative pronoun (this is, porque=pelo qual, pela qual, pelos quais, pelas quais). For example:
«Este é o dinheiro por que(pelo qual) vendo a casa.» «A ideia por que (pela qual) luto é a melhor.» «Os 100 contos, por que (pelos quais) vendi o carro, dá-los-ei aos pobres.» «Estão à vista as causas por que (pelas quais) ainda te conservas na minha casa.»
b) When por is a preposition and que is an interrogative pronoun:. (1.0) For example:
«Por que (= por qual) razão/motivo/causa/pretexto, etc., não vieste ontem?» «Por que (= por quais) livros aprendeste?»
c) When por is the preposition and que is an interrogative pronoun: (2.0)
«Por que esperas? (= por que coisa esperas?)» «Que coisa esperas?»
We write Porquê
a) When it’s an interrogative adverb:
«Andas triste, porquê?» «Porquê toda essa azáfama?»
b) When it’s substantive. (When it means cause, motive, reason) as in the following phrase:
«Precisamos de investigar o porquê dos acontecimentos.»
I decided to create this cheat sheet on Portuguese verbs because the most difficult part of learning romance languages for me has always been all the verb forms and conjugations. The idea was inspired by @studypuddles post on French verbs
I combed through for spelling errors & mistakes, but alas some do fall through the cracks, so let me know if you see anything!
Here is a little map again (Síria, Iraque, Arábia Saudita and Iémen don’t count).
NB : /place/ = non recognized by the international community ; *place* = considered africans by the African Union ; +place+ = non independant territories that belong to african countries
*Açores (Portugal) : açoriano*
África do Sul : sul-africano
Argélia : argelino
Angola : angolês
/ Saara Ocidental (Marrocos) : sarauí/
*Ilhas Crozet (França) : none, unoccupied
/Azawad (Mali) : azawadiano/
Benim : beninense
Botsuana : botsuanês
Burkina Faso : burquinense
Burundi : burundiano
+Cabinda (Angola) : cabindês+
Camarões : cameronês
Cabo Verde : cabo-verdiano
Repúblico centro-africano : centro-africano
*Ceuta (Espanha) : ceutense*
Comores : comoriano
Congo-Brazzaville : congolês
Congo-Kinshasa
Costa do Marfim : costo-marfinense
Djibouti : djibutiense
Egito : egípcio
Eritreia : eritreu
Etiópia : etíope
Gabão : gabonês
Gâmbia : gambiano
Gana : ganês
Guiné : guineano
Guiné-Bissau : guineense / bissanense
Guiné équatorial : guinéu-equatoriano
*Ilhas Canárias (Espanho) : canariano*
*Ilhas Esparsas (França) : none, unoccupied*
*Ilhas Heard e McDonald (Austrália) : none, unoccupied*
Languages that use “ciao” or a similar version descended from Italian as a greeting or an informal goobye
Present in: Portuguese (tchau), Spanish from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, Catalan, Sicilian, Maltese, Venetian, Lombard, Romansh, German (tschau), Swiss German, every Slavic language except Polish and Belarussian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian (tsau), Greek, Albanian (qao), Romanian (ceau), Hungarian (csaó), Somali, Amharic, Tigrinya, Malaysian. The Vietnamese “chào” is not related to Italian, so it’s unmarked there.
Edit: the map only includes those languages that use ‘ciao’ as the most common informal way of greeting/goodbye, not as part of slang, argots or people who use it just to sound cool. For example, in Portuguese, Maltese or Latvian it has surpassed the older forms of saying goodbye in informal situations for all social classes.
On this website you can read Grimms’ fairy tales in 18 different languages! (English, German, Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Dutch, Danish, Romanian, Finnish, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Hungarian)
She stood in front of the mirror and stared long and hard at her reflection. She put her hand in her hair and ruffled it up and down, pouting her lips and opening her eyes wide. Katya had always been insecure about her looks, but for absolutely no reason, since she was a wonderful looking young girl. She was 19 years old, had long deadly straight shoulder length brown hair and tanned skin, inherited from the Portuguese side of her family, her mother’s side.
It was her first date with Mark, who had asked her out in a café the previous week. She had been sitting there reading over some law books for an upcoming exam and he had come over, asked if he could sit with her and they had started chatting. He had asked for her number and after exchanging some texts, they had decided to meet. He was a nice looking guy and it wasn’t as if she had anything better to do on a Friday night. Her Friday nights had been doomed to studying law books and it enraged her that her social life had developed into such a state of nothingness.
Katya blew a kiss to her parents and left the front door, swinging her keys in her hand as she did so. Outside Mark sat in his car, the music blasting, he smoked a cigarette and when he saw her slender body making its way down the driveway towards him, he flicked it out of the window and watched it land on the pavement.
She jumped in and smiled at him “Hi you” she giggled, her strawberry scented perfume filling the car. She was wearing a white dress and underneath thick black tights, which showed perfectly the curves of her wonderful young body. Mark couldn’t take his eyes off her.
After a dinner, a bottle of wine and a long conversation in the local Italian, Mark drove her back to her place. Her parents had gone out for the evening and she asked if he would like to come in. He smiled and agreed.
Inside he took a seat on the sofa and ushered her over to sit next to him. Shy turned a slight shade of red and shyly came over and took a seat on the corner of the sofa. He leaned forward and kissed her. She barely responded, nerves getting the better of her.
“Come on, Katya” he said emphatically.
“I’m just… I’m just a bit new to this” she laughed nervously, looking down at the sofa, studying the patterned pillows.
He slipped a hand underneath her dress and pressed against her tight covered crotch. She gasped and jumped backwards, shocked at how rapidly he had come on to her.
“Woah, woah!” she laughed.
“It’s that time of the month I’m afraid!” she said. She turned an even deeper shade of red from embarrassment about having blurted that out.
“Then maybe you’ll show me your cute little arse?” He asked cheekily.
She burst out laughing and gave him an expression of “Are you mad?”
He looked at her lustily and asked her to turn over, pull up her dress and lie face down on the sofa. She looked at him astonished. Was he being serious? She didn’t know what to do or say. She was so caught in the moment that she turned and nervously lay down on the sofa, hitching up the back of her cute white dress, exposing her behind covered in the thick black tights she had bought and put on before coming out this evening.
Mark smiled at her and placed a hand on her arse. He slowly pulled down her black tights and with it the light green panties she was wearing. He could hear her gasping in shock. She was almost paralysed in the moment. He spread her arse cheeks apart with two hands and stared in admiration at her cute little arsehole. He licked a finger and ran it around the pink hole which was now winking at him. She moaned in pleasure, completely overcome by the moment. He slipped a finger inside her arsehole and she tightened up and gasped… “Uhhhh god….” She moaned.
Mark moved his hand down to his belt and unhooked it…. He was going to finish this job properly…
Katja turned her head, looked up at him and a look of shock spread across her face. He reached for belt, unbuckled it and slid it off his trousers, slowly. He put his penis at the entrance of her wonderfully tight little arsehole and pressed… She seized up and shouted “Woah woah woah, stop!!!” He whispered in her ear “Go with it Katya”…. “Just go with it”….
His cock eased slowly into her tight arsehole and he moaned as he felt the tight sphincter walls close in around his shaft. At this point, Katya was gasping, holding the side of the sofa and moaning into a pillow. He pushed until he was almost up to his balls inside her virgin arse and then slowly pulled back out again. She turned and looked at him and he had a pure lust in his eyes. He wanted her so badly. He showed her his cock, which was rock hard, bouncing up and down in front of her face, glistening from the pre-cum which had oozed out as he had explored the inside of her wonderful arse. He spread her arse again and placed his cock at the entrance, pushing himself in this time faster, right up to his balls. She gasped again and her knuckles turned white as she grabbed one of the pillows. He began a rhythmic in and out motion, his balls slapping away on her arse-cheeks as she moaned in a mixture or pleasure and shock…. Thrusting her hips and arse up into the air….
@allen.ana just sent me this amazing picture of her great great grandma Felisbina and great grandma Lucia in 1918, Porto, Portugal . In my city what part of Porto was your ancestry @allen.ana? Obrigado por partilhar #history #historia #história #storia #istoria #histoire #historie #porto #geschichte #istorie #portugal #portuguese #loveyourancestors #ancestors #antique #ancestry #antiquephoto #antiquefashion #fashion #fashionhistory #1900s #20thcentury #women #proud #grateful #historyinpictures #historyinphotos #vintage #edwardianera #picture (at Porto, Portugal) https://www.instagram.com/p/B9rrKygH8OK/?igshid=12s2pgdnrcuks
Les vêtements // The garments, the clothes, the clothing // As roupas, as vestimentas
la chemise (f.) // the shirt // a camisa (f.)
le tee-shirt (m.), the t-shirt (m.) // the t-shirt // a camiseta (f.)
la veste (f.) // the jacket // a jaqueta (f.)
le costume (m.) // the costume, the suit // a vestimenta (f.), a roupa (f.), o terno (m.)
la robe (f.) // the dress // o vestido (m.)
la jupe (f.) // the skirt // a saia (f.)
le manteau (m.) // the coat, the cloak, the mantle, the cape // o casaco (m.), a capa (f.), o manto (m.)
l’imperméable (m.) // the raincoat // a capa-de-chuva (f.), o casaco impermeável (m.)
le pantalon (m.) // the pants, the trousers // a calça (f.) ou as calças (f. plural)*
le jean (m.) // the jeans // o jeans (m.)
le pull (m.), le pull-over (m.) // the sweater, the pullover, the jumper // o pulôver (m.), o suéter (m.)
Les accessoires // The accessoires // Os acessórios
le bijou (m.), les bijoux (m. pluriel) // the jewel(s), the gem(s) // a jóia (f.), as jóias (f. plural)
l’écharpe (f.) // the scarf // a echarpe (f.)
l’anneau (m.), la bague (f.) // the ring // o anel (m.)
le collier (m.) // the necklace // o colar (m.)
la boucle d’oreille (f.), les boucle d’oreilles (f. pluriel) // the earring(s) // o brinco (m.), os brincos (m. plural)
la ceinture (f.) // the belt // o cinto (m.)
le chapeau (m.) // the hat // o chapéu (m.)
les chaussures (f. pluriel) // the shoes // os sapatos (m. plural), os calçados (m. pluriel)
les bottes (f. pluriel) // the boots // as botas (f. plural)
les lunettes [de soleil] (f. pluriel) // the [sun] glasses // os óculos [de sol] (m. plural)
le parapluie (m.)// the umbrella // o guarda-chuva (m.)
le sac à main (m.) // the handbag, the purse // a bolsa (f.)
* I actually researched this. So, in Brazil, you can either say “calça”, the singular, or “calças” the plural. They are interchangeable. I believe (no proof), that both are correct for it’s onepair of pants, but again, it’s a pair.So, both are good.
For example:
Let me just get my pants! : Deixa só eu pegar minha calça! : Deixa só eu pegar minhascalças!
So since I failed at posting during my study abroad I am going to attempt to sum everything up here. I hope this might be helpful for people who want to study abroad in Brazil in the future.
Disclaimer: This is written based on my personal experience which is of course affected by who I am (20-year-old, female, Austrian, introverted, straight, white,…) and the people I happened to meet and a million other small factors.
If you have any specific questions don’t hesitate to inbox me or send me a message.
Rio de Janeiro
I spent my exchange semester in Brazil or more precisely in Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro is without a doubt a city unlike any other (I have ever seen at least). My favourite thing about Rio is its diversity in both its population and the landscape. Rio really has it all amazing beaches, lush-greenness and a buzzing city. The city itself was probably my favorite thing about my exchange. I remember the first day I arrived and drove through the city to get to my apartment. I was fascinated by how the rich and the poor lived so close to each other and how there were 15 story buildings right in front of green hills and corporate office next to a beach.
Culture and People
The culture is completely different from anything I have ever experienced before. People in Brazil are so friendly it is shocking. Everyone seems to be open to have a chat and help you out. The one downside I found to this (as an introvert) while everyone is open to having a chat it can be hard to find real, solid friends. People tend to talk about hanging out or doing something but as you are talking about it both of you already know that it will never happen. So while in general, I cannot complain about people since they are very friendly to foreigners I have not made any real friends.
Language
However, not making friends might also have something to do with the fact that my Portuguese wasn’t really good enough to speak much when I arrived here and most people don’t really speak English. While it has improved greatly (especially my understanding of native speakers) I am still missing the practice to come up with words quickly enough to have a fluent conversation. Also, slang is still an issue while I have learned some of it there seems to be an endless amount of slang terms that I will probably never know (the fact that Brazilian Portuguese slang changes quickly and varies by region isn’t helping either):
Food
I have a love-hate relationship with Brazilian food. There’s some food I really enjoy but then there is even more food that I don’t particularly like. The food that I did enjoy seemed to get too monotonous quickly. In general Brazilian cuisine tends to be very much meat-based (being a vegetarian is still somewhat rare here) with carbs also playing a big role. As someone who prefers to eat a bit more plant-based and lighter it was a bit difficult to imagine eating a typical Brazilian diet every day. But of course, this wasn’t really an issue I just bought my vegetables in the supermarket and prepared them the same way I would have at home. But I did miss typical dishes from home and also Maki with avocado or cucumber (for some reason they only have sushi with actual fish here).
Money
Brazil is not as cheap as some other Latin American countries, especially Rio is quite expensive. I would say on average the living expenses here are as much as in other European cities (not London or Paris). The prices for food are pretty moderate with imported goods, of course, being more expensive. The metro is cheap compared to European standards and while it does cover much less area than the underground systems in most other major cities it really does take you pretty much everywhere that you’ll need to go. Uber is also surprisingly cheap. If you can split the ride it might just end up being cheaper than the metro ticket. My monthly living expenses without trips and rent were around: €500.
Housing
The rent prices vary greatly depending on the area you live in, however, in general, the standard of living is lower so even if you pay €500 a month the apartment might have all the necessities but often just doesn’t look as pretty (not an issue just something to keep in mind). I personally chose to live in an apartment in Ipanema which I shared with another girl from my university we paid about €500/month each. When choosing an area to live in you should keep in mind that there are areas that are not so safe. Personally, we booked our apartment on Airbnb but many people find theirs on facebook or upon arrival.
Trips
I managed to go on quite a few trips but getting around Brazil can quickly get complicated and expensive since it is such a huge country. If you have a place you already know you would like to visit I recommend booking the airplane ticket as early as possible the closer you get to the date the more expensive they tend to get. The cheapest airplane ticket I managed to get was about €70 (one hour flight, no checked bags). There are buses almost everywhere and they can be significantly cheaper however it is debatable whether you would rather pay €60 and drive for 14 hours or pay €150 - 200 and fly for 2 to 3 hours. For shorther distances buses are of course completely fine and you can book most of them online or buy a ticket directly at the central bus station.
Personally, I visited:
Paraty Salvador Belo Horizonte Ouro Preto Buzios Blumenau Curitiba Porto Alegre São Paulo Petropolis
Education system
Like in many countries getting a good education in Brazil means getting a private education. Since my university had a contract with a private university that’s the kind of educational environment I experienced. Personally, education is a topic I feel quite passionate about or more specifically I feel quite passionate about the belief that education should be as accessible as possible to as many people as possible (I am not going to go in-depth here about why..). The Brazilian education system is built in a way that greatly advantages people who are more well off than the average Brazilian. I personally was not a fan of my university since I felt the entire thing was just this bubble that didn’t in any way mirror the Rio that I experienced outside of university.
Society
I touched upon this briefly in the previous section. One of the most interesting dynamics about Brazil is the society. There seems to be this strange dichotomy were Brazilians are proud of the diversity of their population yet there is some kind of deeply ingrained, probably to a large degree unconscious (like in many countries), racism going on. People who are noticeably darker in complexion are mostly still part of the poorest of the population while the richest look astonishingly European and nothing is done to change this. Brazilians are proud of their diversity yet the order of their society still reflects one of the colonial times. (I am in no way saying that every Brazilian supports the way things are. This is more a reflection of the politics going on in the country which are unfortunately corrupt to a large degree so we cannot exactly consolidate the current societal state with the actual opinion of people)
Touristy things + Leisure time
Now for a lighter topic. There is plenty to see in Rio and when I say plenty I mean a lot as in I didn’t even manage to see everything that I wanted to see. I plan to make a more comprehensive post on places to see in Rio (well-known ones and some not so well known). Leisure time is to a large degree spent outdoors on the beach, hiking, or at parties. One disadvantage of Rio is that it is a quite outdoorsy city so when it rains there aren’t many options for entertainment.
Party and dating culture
Parties here are a lot more spontaneous often happening on the street in front of university buildings. They are also a bit wilder it is quite common for one person to make out with several different people a night and it is almost unheard of that someone doesn’t drink alcohol. Dating culture from what I experienced (which is admittedly somewhat limited) is very relaxed. Casual relationships are extremely common and break-ups are usually quite pragmatic. At the same time, the macho culture is still a bit more prevalent than in many European countries. As someone who is introverted and doesn’t really enjoy casual relationships or just dating for the sake of dating it wasn’t my thing but each to their own.
Conclusion
Would I want to live here forever? No. Did I really like the experience? Yes. Brazil is what I like to refer to as an “extrovert country”. So as an introvert it can be quite exhausting to navigate the social life here even more so than in european countries since people here are very talkative and open. However, this was a thing I was prepared for and since it was a dream of mine to got to Brazil one day despite that I can’t say that I didn’t have a great time and that it wasn’t worth it. I definitely see myself coming back to see more of the country. I simply personally enjoy the openness for a short period of time but it would probably be too much for me to live like this for the rest of my life. I am also quite thankful to have been born in a european country with free education, pretty good public health care, less corruption and overall more stability. Still I would not ever tell anyone NOT to go to Brazil, or Rio especially. I like to think of Rio as the bad boy of cities. It might be a little dangerous or more uncomfortable than others but it’s just so pretty, fascinating and mysterious you can’t help but fall in love.
I’m supposed to be studying some Italian, but instead, I was googling in my computer how to learn a new language (no, googling how to learn will not teach you shit, you have to sit down and learnyour target language not how to do it, I know but I’m lazy.) and I came across LingoHut, and I have to share it.
I don’t know if someone ever talked about this page, but if they did is worth mentioning again.
So basically you go to the website and in the Home Page you have to choose what is your first language and what language are you trying to learn.
Once you choose it’ll take you to another page in which you have tons of lessons, for ex. In Italian, there are 109 lessons.
I haven’t checked every lesson yet but for example, the first one is greetings and such. You click that lesson and you have 16 flashcards that will show you the word in your target language and the translation, at the same time that someone pronounces the words.
Below the flashcards, you have this ⬇️
And basically is a bunch of game, an easy matching words kind of game, some kind of tic tac toe with words, a memory game do you know the one that kids play in which they have to find the matching pictures? Same but with words and lastly a listening and matching game.
Below the bar of the games, we have the vocabulary list of the words we are taught in that lesson, and you can click the word and listen the pronunciation.
In the end, you have a bunch of the next lessons.
The lessons vary from the content it can be greetings, numbers, health stuff, office words, computer terminology, etc.
The website doesn’t have every language in the world, but it has a lot of them. choose your target language, in my case Italian, and enjoy, is fun and simple if you want to practice or do something related to your target language but you don’t have the willingness that day to study something more consistent like structure.
And the best part is that as far as I went looking around in this page it’s fucking free. Sure, you won’t end the one hundred and something lessons speaking like a native from whatever target language you’re learning, but it can be useful to expand your vocabulary.
![Pronounciation of the digraph <OU> [ow] - Spanish (very rarely), Northern European Portuguese](https://64.media.tumblr.com/d59b3ffbdcb3f395a34a64913e12b2f4/becbddcc5ea3ae1b-27/s1280x1920/bed4ae9f83c4d9a6ad7fb54c1d106bb620a3efdd.png "Pronounciation of the digraph <OU> [ow] - Spanish (very rarely), Northern European Portuguese")
