On This Day in Herstory, November 9th 1764, Mary Campbell, a ‘captive’ of the Lenape tribe during the French and Indian War, was turned over to British troops.
Mary Campbell was born c. 1747, and her family was Scotch-Irish immigrants to the American colonies. On May 21st 1758, when she was 10, Campbell was abducted from her town of Penn’s Creek, Pennsylvania. Her captors were a group of Lenape, a Native American tribe also known as the Delaware. During her captivity she stayed in the household of the principal chief of the Lenape.
During the French and Indian War, and other conflicts that arose between the colonists and the Native Americans some Native American tribes, specifically those living in the Midwest, would raid white settlements with some frequency. The Native people were looking to defend themselves against the violent Anglo-American encroachment of their land; and occasionally the result of raiding these colonial settlements was the taking of captives. Some of these captives were killed, but many of them were adopted into the tribe; it is now thought that the Native Americans may have done this to supplement their dwindling numbers. For decades the Natives Americans faced epidemics spread by the Europeans, and constant war with the colonists themselves, all of this culminated in a struggling population. Women and children were the most likely to be adopted into the tribe, because they were thought to be easier to assimilate to the traditional customs and lifestyles of the Native American; routinely, after several years in the tribe, they allowed their adoptive members to remain with the tribe, or return to their previous culture.
In 1764 British military pressure of the Native Americans in Ohio forced them to turn over their white captives. On November 9th 1764, Campbell was handed over to the troops, and she was one of 60 former captives who were handed over to the British, she would have been about 17 years old at the time having spent over 6 years with the Lenape. She was initially deeply distraught about being separated from her Native American family, and it is estimated that of the 60 people returned to the British at least half of them (probably including Campbell) tried to escape and return to the captors; this behaviour deeply confused and troubled the British troops.
After her return to Pennsylvania, in 1770 Campbell married Joseph Willford, and together they had seven children: five sons and two daughter. Mary Campbell died in 1801.
