Men DNI unless you are willing to carve me an intricate whalebone busk, delicately inscribed with images of tall ships and portraits of myself, that I will wear against my heart to remember you by when you are inevitably lost at sea
If you are running a game with pirates in it, then you should know what the job entails. It’s not all boarding ships, counting booty, and drinking rum like you might think. A great deal of hard work is required to run a sailing ship with a law-abiding crew, let alone one populated by pirates. In this essay we are going to examine the five principle officers on board a pirate ship, their duties, and their responsibilities. This is part one of a three part lesson. In the next lesson we will examine the duties and responsibilities of other officers and crew members with special duties. In the final lesson, we will look at one very special group of crew members that are almost always overlooked. Read on to learn what pirates expected of their primary officers.
The principal officers of a pirate ship were the captain, the quartermaster, the pilot, the boatswain, and the master gunner. On some ships these positions were all elected by an equal vote of the crew and on others the captain picked the crew members he wanted to serve in the positions. The captain on a pirate vessel was almost always elected by an equal vote of the crew. On a privateer vessel this was not very often the case. Privateer captains were often the owners of the ship or were given commission by their monarch to take a vessel to sea. So it follows with the other officers. If the captain was elected, then generally all of the officers were elected. If the captain was appointed or held his position by means of ownership, then generally he picked the officers. In either case, an officer on a pirate ship served at the whim of the crew. Even a man picked by the captain would be booted down to a simple crewman if he could not do his job. For the most part though, a person elevated to serve as one of the principle officers did so for life. The title of this article refers to the fact that most often the authorities that captured, tried, and hung pirates concentrated on the five principle officers of the ship. These officers were generally the most intelligent and skilled crewmen on board the pirate vessel. They were people that everyone else on board the ship admired for their ability to do their job. Diligent action is the mother of respect on board a ship.
Captain
The captain, however he came to his position, was chosen for his leadership, bravery, and cunning. The captain was responsible for the ship and everything aboard her; every item and every man. He was responsible for the overall decisions affecting the ship and her crew. The captain decided where to sail and what to attack. He was the voice of his crew to all beyond the ship. He often led his crew in battle. In terms of daily duties, the captain kept a log of the voyage, managed the affairs of the ship through the officers, and generally served a four to six hour shift at the helm. The captain stayed in power by being successful. As long as there are prizes to plunder, rum to drink, and food to eat, the captain will not be voted out or mutinied against. It is when things get lean that the captain must worry about crew voting him unfit for command.
Quartermaster
The quartermaster (or first mate on a privateer vessel) was the number two man on the ship. He was responsible for enforcing the ship’s articles and administering punishment when necessary. The quartermaster was the trustee of the ship and her crew. He directly represented the crew to the captain. It was his responsibility to serve as a counterbalance to the captain in decisions that might be hazardous to the ship or the crew. A wise captain made no decisions that his first mate didn’t support. The quartermaster took responsibility for prize vessels and picked the treasure that the crew would take from a prize. He was also responsible for counting the booty and splitting the shares. Each day would find him working with his subordinate officers the boatswain, the master gunner, and the master at arms to effectively run the ship. The first mate also served a turn at the helm, generally a four to six hour shift.
Pilot
The pilot was the number three man on the ship and often the most educated. He served as the ship’s navigator and was generally the best all around sailor aboard the ship. He was responsible for plotting the ship’s course and maintaining that course. The pilot maintained all of the ship’s charts and maps as well as the tools of navigation. He was charged with keeping a daily log of every event relating to the sailing of the ship. He recorded the depth, the currents, the wind patterns, the ship’s location, the locations of reefs and sandbars, and the state of the rigging. He reported directly to the captain. The pilot oversaw the work of the sail-master and almost always had at least one assistant (a pilot’s mate) to help him with his duties. The pilot and his mate both served separate shifts at the helm in addition to taking readings from the moon and stars to plot and maintain the course.
Boatswain
The boatswain was the number four man on the ship and often the most feared by the crew. He was in charge of the provisions for the ship. He maintained the stores of food, water, rum, gunpowder, shot, sails, rope, wood, and tar required to keep the ship and crew fit for action. The boatswain also directed the loading of cargo into the hold to maintain the proper ballast to ensure level sailing. He was in charge of keeping the watches on the ship and maintaining discipline among the deck crew. He was responsible for the ship’s longboats and for picking a crew to man the sweeps when the longboats were used. The boatswain was charged with maintaining the ship’s seaworthy status. He oversaw the duties of both the carpenter and the cook. The boatswain generally had a mate to help him with his responsibilities. In general, his duties were to make certain that all the work of running the ship was done. He reported to the quartermaster. The Boatswain was often the most feared man on the ship because his obligations often made him uncompromising. It was his responsibility to keep everything “ship-shape”. Leniency was something the quartermaster might give to the crew, but it was not something the boatswain was in the position to give. Day and night, the boatswain would drive the crew to do whatever work was required. He maintained the watch log and reported any problems to the quartermaster.
Master Gunner
The master gunner was the number five man on the ship. He was responsible for the care and cleaning of all firearms, culverin (deck guns), and cannons on board the ship. He was also responsible for training the crew in the use of both firearms and ship’s weaponry. The master gunner picked and ran the gunnery crew. He reported to the quartermaster, but was responsible to the entire ship to make certain that the cannons hit the declared target. He was also responsible for maintaining the inventory of powder and shot for all of the guns on the ship. The master gunner was the only crew member besides the captain and the quartermaster entrusted to carry a key to the ship’s powder magazine. Additionally, the master gunner often led or picked hunting parties when they were called for. His day to day duties mainly consisted of drilling the gunnery crew and maintaining the guns.
The Next in Line to Hang – More Roles on a Pirate Ship
In this second part of a three part lesson dealing with the crew positions aboard a pirate vessel, we are going to look at the responsibilities of the Sail-master, the Carpenter, the Cook, the Surgeon, and the Master at Arms. These were all lower officer positions and were either voted upon or assigned by the captain as discussed in the first part of this lesson. The sailors who served in these positions were skilled laborers and, as such, their skills were always very much in demand on a ship. They were almost always offered a greater share of the treasure because of their skills. These were definitely crew members that a pirate ship could not function without.
Sail-master
The Sail-master was the most experienced crewman in the rigging and usually one of the best sailors on the ship. He was responsible for maintaining the sails and the rigging. The Sail-master knew every knot, line, rope, block and tackle in the rigging as well as how to repair them all. He was also responsible for training and running the sail crew as well as overseeing the making and patching of sails. The Sail-master took orders from and reported to the pilot.
Carpenter
The Carpenter was a skilled wood worker, often with some shipwright experience, who did all of the woodworking required by the crew. He was primarily responsible for repairing damage to the wooden portions of the ship and for plugging leaks that got too bad. (Ye should understand right now, before ye go to sea, that all ships leak, mates. It’s just when they really leak badly that you have to worry about it.) The Carpenter was also responsible for the construction of barrels and crates, as needed, to store cargo, as well as maintaining the tools of his trade. He took orders from and reported to the Boatswain.
Cook
The Cook was one of the most important of the lower officers. He was in charge of all matters relating to food on the ship. He made certain there was enough food, water, and rum on board for the planned cruise. He cooked the meals and suggested rationing when it was necessary. The Cook butchered the meat brought back by hunting parties and was the only man trusted to light a fire below decks. He maintained the necessary tools for both cooking and butchering. The Cook took orders from and reported to the Boatswain.
Surgeon
The Surgeon was likely one of the toughest men on the ship. He served as the barber/doctor/emergency surgeon for the entire crew. He was equally capable of shaving your beard and cutting off your damaged leg. The Surgeon dealt with not only the sick and the wounded, but also the dead. He, like the other lower officers, was responsible for maintaining the necessary tools of his trade. The Surgeon took his orders from and reported to the Quartermaster. It was rare for a ship to have a real doctor and it was common for the carpenter or the cook to fill this role as needed.
Master at Arms
The Master at Arms was often the most skilled warrior on the crew. He was responsible for training the crew in hand to hand combat. He also led the ship’s boarding parties and hunting parties when they were necessary. The Master at Arms position was not a separate position on every vessel and often these responsibilities fell to the Quartermaster. When the Master at Arms position was filled on a ship, he took orders from and reported to the Quartermaster.
These 5 core positions represent the Non-Commissioned Officers of a pirate or privateer ship. These men all commanded other men on work details and so their words carried great sway with the crew. It was often from among these men that the next captain was chosen when a captain lost his position through a vote of no confidence. Thus, these were the men that the captain had to keep loyal to him to stay in command of the ship.
And Hang the Musikers, Too – Even More Roles on a Pirate Ship
In this article, we will be looking at the makeup of the crew itself. Remember that the only rule with pirates is that there are no rules; no two crews of any two pirate ships were exactly the same. Even so, we can narrow down some roles common to pirate/privateer crews based upon the jobs that must be done aboard ship. Most simply put, pirate crews are a mixture of brutes, gunners, swabbies, and musikers. Let’s examine each category in turn.
Brutes
A great deal of hard work and heavy hauling is involved in just sailing a tall-masted ship. In strong winds the canvas sails must be man-handled by a deck crew that is stronger. Loading and unloading supplies, most especially cannons or chests of gold, requires a number of strong backs. This is why every ship has its share of brutes – big, strong men capable of handling themselves no matter the work or the fight. In addition to the tasks already mentioned, brutes would be key men in hunting parties, ship boarding, and raiding groups as well. Keep in mind that not all brutes need to be hulking bruisers. A wiry-tough and dexterous hunter, skilled with both blades and long rifle, could be a brute as well. Brutes, no matter their size, do not shrink from a hard task. Men of this sort make up perhaps as much as ½ of a pirate crew, but they will be mixed among the gunners and swabbies, not a stand alone corp. Most of the men on a pirate or privateer ship were probably gunners.
Gunners
Depending upon the size of their shot, each cannon required a crew of either 3 or 4 men to load and fire it. So a sloop carrying 4 small guns per side would require a minimum of 24 men to fully maintain them and that does not include the officers directing the cannon fire. On a large ship, like Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge, a fullgun crew would be 160 men dedicated only to firing the cannons. (It is important to note here that Blackbeard had a total crew compliment of 125 on board the Queen Anne’s Revenge.) These crewmen would have to be available 24/7 to do their job whenever required, but otherwise might have no duties on the ship. There was double-duty in most crews though. Most pirate ships didn’t keep a full compliment of gunners like warships of the time did because fewer crew members meant fewer shares and that meant more money for everyone when the treasure was split. Gunners could make up between 1/3 to 2/3 of a crew.
Swabbies
Swabbies, or actual trained sailors, are the crew members responsible for handling the rigging and the sails to keep the ship moving. These are the guys and gals who climb the ratlines into the rigging and walk the spars that jut from the masts. Swabbies sometimes fight from the highest position that they can get to on their own ship and then leap into the rigging of the enemy vessel when boarding. Often dexterous fighters, swabbies are known for leaping into the fray, but sometimes they hide in the rigging as deadly snipers. It might be surprising to discover that skilled sailors usually comprised less than 1/3 of the total crew compliment of the ship.
Musikers
It is difficult to prove that “musikers”, or musicians as we call them, were ever a stand-alone part of a pirate crew. However, two excellent examples from the pirate period demonstrate that they have been a common part of most ships of war, pirate and privateer ships included. The first example is from the early Seventeenth century. In Captain John Smith’s advice concerning how to conduct a one-on-one naval engagement he remarks when preparing to board one should, “… sound Drums and Trumpets, and Saint George for England.” The second example comes from the early Eighteenth century. In the articles of Captain Bartholomew Roberts it is stated: “The Musikers to have Rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six Days and Nights, none without special Favour.” When thinking about the musicians on board a ship in the 16th to 18th centuries, one must not think of a band. That would be far too organized a concept. There is no way to know how many crew members may have been musicians, but one assumes that the number is not large.
It is likely that ships of this period had crew members who owned musical instruments as varied as brass horns, mouth harps, fiddles, bag pipes and accordions. Furthermore, sailors could gather numerous instruments from the various ports of call their ship made. Examples here are numerous: cowhide and goatskin drums from Africa, dried gourd maracas from Cuba, bamboo drums and flutes from Hispaniola, and even tambourines from Morocco. Pause a moment and consider the combined sounds of all of the instruments mentioned here. Now you know why a band is not the idea you want to have. The musicians were popular with the crew, as they were entertainment as well as a valuable battle element. The musicians played during meal times and during work breaks allowing the crew some entertainment to break the monotony of long hours of tiring work. This boost in moral was welcome at anytime, but was perhaps the most effective when used in battle.
From stories of Bartholomew Roberts crew and others, we know that when a ship with musicians approached another ship with the intention to fight, the effects of the music could be terrifying to the enemy. The musicians would play marches and other martial music. There were drum rolls, trumpet and bugle calls, and perhaps even a piper given the nationality of the crew. Add to this the noise of the ship’s cook beating upon his pots and pans and the crew stamping their feet or beating their weapons against the ship. Finally top this off with the sounds of shouting, screaming, and shooting, both pistols and rifles as well as cannons and deck guns. Your imagination can supply you with the details of the scene. The intended result is achieved: the morale aboard the pirate vessel is raised to a fevered pitch while the morale of their intended prize is shaken. So do not forget that pirates and privateers know the value of bardic inspiration when you run those encounters.
Since pirate fever has broken out at the moment and many children will be hoisting their black flags on the beach again this summer for fun, the question actually arises as to where the Jolly Roger actually comes from ? the pirate symbol par excellence. The so-called Golden Age of Piracy (c. 1650- 1725) was mainly concentrated in the Caribbean and its treasure routes. The area was not only suitable because of the routes but also because of the numerous hiding places for the pirates and the fact that many nations in these regions often fought each other for dominance. After 1716, the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the pirates saw a lot of growth as many sailors and also decommissioned privateers did not know where to go and hoped for a free, non-governmental life with a nice extra income, especially attracted by glorifying stories about pirates like Henry Morgan, Calico Jack Rackham, Edward Blackbeard Teach or Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts who led this supposedly glorious life under the black flag.
A genuine skull-and-crossbones pirate ship flag from the 1700s, from the Barbary Coast (x)
The earliest mention of a black flag was in July 1700, when HMS Poole was chasing a pirate ship off the Cape Verde Islands and her captain saw a flag in black with a skull, cross bones and an hourglass. In Charles Johnson’s A General History of Pyrates (1724), he also describes the various black and red flags with different designs, such as skulls, whole skeletons, crossbones, hourglasses, bleeding hearts and cutlasses. He is also the one who used the name Jolly Roger, even though he was probably not the original name giver. The name probably comes from the initially red flags, which were called joli rouge (pretty red) in French. But why were there two colours of flags? The black one meant surrender now and we might spare your life. The red meant there was no mercy.
Flag of Calico Jack Rackham (* 1682; † 1720) - Flag of Emanuel Wynnes (late 17th c., early 18th c.)- Flag of Henry Every (* 1653; † 1696)- Flag of Edward Blackbeard Teach (* 1680; † 1718) (x)
It is generally accepted that the red flag came first. This is supported by the fact that until the emergence of piracy in the 16th and 17th centuries, the red flag was considered a quarantine flag and meant “Beware, we may have a disease on board that will kill anyone who approaches us.” And deadly on approach was what the pirates wanted. Moreover, in almost every seafaring nation in the 17th century, the quarantine flag was given a swallow’s tail, according to the thesis, therefore, to avoid confusion with pirates. In any case, the British navy forbade the flying of exclusively red flags in the Arabian Sea, ships with such flags were treated as pirates; that is why the flags of Bahrain and Qatar still have their jagged shape today. In 1694, the Admiralty had ordered British privateers to fly the red flag. And after the war with Spain, as mentioned above, many of the former privateers switched to the side of the pirates, but kept their red flags.
Flag of Thomas Tews († 1695)- Flag of Stede Bonnets (* 1688; † 1718)- Flag of Edward of England († 1720)- Flag of Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts (* 1682; † 1722) (x)
The black flag is said to have been first flown by Clico Jack Rackham in 1700, but it is also said to have been flown by the Breton pirate Emanuel Wynne, who used the classic motif around 1700. Henry Every also had one with a skull looking to the right, wearing a bandana and an earring, but this was probably a 19th century creation, so his being considered the first Jolly Roger is questionable.
Flag of William Billy One-Hand Condon (* 17th century; † 18th century)- Flag of Christopher Moody (*1694- † 1722)- Flag of Edward Ned Low (* 1690- † possibly 1724 in Martinique by execution)- Flag of John Philips ( † 1724) (x)
There was no fixed design for the flags, they were all different in their own way and directly adapted to the pirate they ascribed to, although the motif of the skull and cross bones appeared more frequently. Which is a classic memento mori symbol to remind us that we are mortal, which is fitting, because ultimately the lives of the victims were now in the hands of the pirates. There is a theory that the black flag completely replaced the red flag, but it is more likely that both were used at the same time and were flown at the whim of the captain.
In the end, everyone knew that whether the flag was red or black, they were in big trouble and most of the Merchantvessels could only hope that a warship was nearby to help them.
Generate a proud fightin’ man of war for your Royal Navy Blorbo Sailor to sail on, as inspired by the Aubreyad/Master and Commander, the Hornblower series or other Age of Sail adventures!
Sail on a trusty sloop or fight on a friggin frigate, because it’s Friday and you’re rarin’ for some prizes!
When I say the phrase “we die like men” I don’t mean men in general, I specifically mean men aboard a pre-20th century sailing ship with frock coats and early stage scurvy
I’m not trying to make homework for you, though, so no pressure.
(Meanwhile, I’m about half-way through inking the second chapter, hoping for it to come out in the summer time. I hope you’re looking forward to it as much as I am (disclaimer: I am very looking forward to it).)
This is the conclusion of Chapter One of Practical Defence Against Piracy…
The story will continue in several months’ time, when Chapter Two is complete.
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Friends, this comic could not be made without the generous support of the patrons over at itsPatreonpage. If you’re enjoying it, and you would like to put your shoulder behind it, consider joining! If you would not, please whisper a quiet “thank you” to all those patrons, just as I do every morning.
Practical Defence Against Piracy, Chapter One, Pages 27-32, in which the Nichols family arrives at the island of Istoria with considerably less grace than they would have wished.
Friends, this comic could not be made without the generous support of the patrons over at itsPatreonpage. If you’re enjoying it, and you would like to put your shoulder behind it, consider joining! If you would not, please whisper a quiet “thank you” to all those patrons, just as I do every morning.
Friends, this comic could not be made without the generous support of the patrons over at itsPatreonpage. If you’re enjoying it, and you would like to put your shoulder behind it, consider joining! If you would not, please whisper a quiet “thank you” to all those patrons, just as I do every morning.
