The portraits in this book were produced using advanced facial recognition technology that’s being used in most cities around the world, developed by engineers in Moscow from existing systems built to recognize car plates. These so called ‘non-collaborative portraits’ are more three dimensional data maps than photographs, where no human contact is registered: there’s a total negation of humanity, they’re essentially some sort of digital death masks. Broomberg & Chanarin have constructed their own taxonomy of portraits in contemporary Russia, including Pussy Riot members and other Moscow citizens.