I’ve done a thing with a Discord server for the past few years for an Online Tikkun Leil Shavuot, and it’s happening again! We’re a small to medium sized server with most activity occurring around Shavuot.
Evening of Saturday, June 4 – early morning of Sunday, June 5. More specific times to come depending on presenter availability and number of workshops. (Past times have been anywhere from 8 pm - 2 am US Eastern; typical amount of workshops 2-3.)
Past topics have included:
Does it spark joy? A discussion of what brings us joy in Judaism
Making mistakes, executive dysfunction, and disabled aspects of Gd
Radical self-compassion for Jews in a plague
The concept of scattered souls and spirituality in Judaism
Please reblog this post or reply to it and I can contact you with the link / ability to direct message me (I have messaging turned off for people I don’t follow on all my Tumblrs, as a general rule)! Or, send me an ask.
Topics should be accessible, inclusive, and ideally not require extensive Hebrew reading ability, as we don’t usually have a lot of sessions to choose from.
I currently have a couple discussions in progress around workshop hosting and will probably run one myself.
Singer-Songwriter and Rabbi Shlomo Katz just launched a brand new series of short videos for Sefirat Ha’Omer (the counting of the Omer period between Passover and Shavuot), sharing thoughts on different “midot” (attributes, character traits) that we can strive to have ourselves.
After World War I, Iraq was under the British Mandate, in accordance with the plan put forth by the League of Nations. In April 1941, a pro-Nazi government seized power and it took the British three months to regain control of the government. During the period of pro-Nazi rule, radio stations routinely broadcast anti‐Semitic propaganda, anti- Jewish slogans were written in the streets, and Muslim-owned shops were visibly identified to protect them from anti‐Jewish violence. There were approximately 130,000 Jews in Iraq at the time. Ten years later, 90% of the Jews had left and most had immigrated to Israel. (See Operation Ezra and Nehemia.) In the power vacuum created between the fall of the pro-Nazi government and the reestablishment of British rule, a pogrom, known as the Farhud, broke out against the Jews of Baghdad. The Farhud took place on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, which fell on June 1st and 2nd. It resulted in 180 dead; over 240 wounded; 100 Jewish houses destroyed; and over 500 Jewish businesses looted. Very few of the rioters were arrested, and the British took no responsibility for their failure to intervene and protect Jewish life and property. The Farhud was a painful indicator that times had changed, and Jewish life in Iraq was no longer secure. Many Iraqi Jews turned to Israel.
Among Arabs the whole event was repressed and nearly forgotten. Arab writers of the time mentioned the Farhud only vaguely, and explained it as a consequence of Zionist activity in the Middle East. In contrast, Iraq’s Jews now perceived that threats to Jewish lives existed not only in Europe but also in the Middle East. In 1943, because of both the ongoing murder of European Jewry as well as antisemitism in Arab countries, Iraq’s Jewish communities were included in Zionist plans for immigration and establishing the Jewish state. By 1951, ten years after the Farhud, most of the Iraqi Jewish community (about 124,000 Jews out of 135,000) had immigrated to the State of Israel.
In Jewish tradition there are five megillot (scrolls) that are read on five different holidays. All of them unrolled using a single roller, instead of two traditionally attached at each side of the scroll.
The Book of Ruth is read on Shavuot, the Festival of Weeks, which occurs seven weeks after the beginning of Passover, in late May or early June. This year, Shavuot began on Saturday, May 23, and ends today.
Among Biblical characters, Ruth is one of the most beautiful. Born a Moabitess, she married a Jew, Chelion, son of Elimelech and his wife Naomi. After Chelion’s and Elimelech’ s death, she faithfully stayed with Naomi, and followed her elderly and fragile mother-in-law back to Bethlehem, where Naomi was from. It was long and dangerous journey, for Ruth it was much safer to return to her parent’s home, but she said to Naomi:
Be not against me, to desire that I should leave thee and depart: for whithersoever thou shalt go, I will go: and where thou shalt dwell, I also will dwell. Thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God. (Ruth 1:16)
Ruth is equally revered by Jews and Christians, because she is one of the ancestors of King David, and thus mentioned in Gospel of St. Matthew in the genealogy of Jesus Christ.
Other scrolls with one roller should be: Book of Esther, read on Purim; Song of Songs – on Passover; Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet.– on the 9th day of Av; and Ecclesiastes – on Sukkot.
The Farhud was an Iraqi pogrom carried out in Baghdad, Iraq against the Iraqi Jewish population in 1941. The collapse of the pro-Nazi government Rashid Ali al-Gaylani led to a power vacuum in Iraq, which resulted in Arab nationalists attacking and killing at least 200 Jews. Two thousand more were injured, and more than 900 Jewish homes were destroyed during the violent pogrom.
Prior to the spread of Nazi propaganda in Iraq and other parts of the Mashriq, Mizrahim in Iraq enjoyed a dual Jewish and Arab culture and identity. Their non-Jewish neighbors accepted this identity and considered Mizrahim to be Arabs just as much as others in Iraq. However, Nazi propaganda led to the exclusion of Mizrahim from Arab nationalism–meaning that Mizrahim were no longer considered Arabs, and Jews were thought to exist as a separate entity from non-Jewish Arabs.
A Nazi youth group, called al-Futuwwa (a movement of the pan-Arab Nadi al-Muthanna), marked Jewish homes with red palm prints several days before the Farhud in order to set them apart as targets. Yunis al-Sabawi, a government minister, advised Rabbi Khaduri to tell the Jews to stay within their homes for three days as protective measure. This was two days before the Farhud.
The beginning of the violence of the Farhud was marked by Iraqi Jews traveling to met the Regent ‘Abd al-Ilah at the Qasr al-Zuhur. As they were traveling across Al Khurr Bridge, a mob attacked them. Violence continued into the next day, when Iraqi police joined in the attacks on Iraqi Jews. Synagogues, Jewish shops, and homes were looted and destroyed.
After the Farhud, Jews were told not to testify about the torture and violence that their neighbors and family members endured. There was no report published until 1958, at which point ninety percent of Iraq’s Jewish population had already emigrated in hopes of finding a better home, away from violent anti-Semitism. An nearly absolute expulsion was completed by 1951.
Some of the ways that Nazi propaganda was spread among the public in Iraq included radio propaganda. Some of the illiterate population in Iraq listened to the pro-Nazi radio stations, which influenced some to participate in the Farhud. The German embassy in Iraq also contributed enormously to enabling the Farhud; it took over an Iraqi newspaper, called al-Alam al-Arabi, and used it to publish anti-Semitic articles (including an Arabic translation of Mein Kampf, which helped put even more anti-Jewish feelings in place).
Every year on Shavuot, Iraqi Jews remember June ½, 1941–also known as the sixth and seventh of Sivan in 5071–as a violent time of anti-Semitism in the Mashriq, in a place where we had lived for 2,600 years alongside our other Arab neighbors. It is a time of mourning for us in a way that it is not for other Jews; we remember the Jews dead, injured, looted, and coercively expelled from a 2,600-year-old home. The Farhud is not a common topic of conversation and most people don’t know much, if anything, about it.
[Pictured: Two images of the mass grave in which up to 600 victims of the Farhud were buried.]
Much comment has been made over the centuries regarding the fact that the Torah introduces this week’s reading by stating that its revelation took place at the mountain of Sinai. Rashi says that this is to emphasize that the Torah is of divine origin, which is represented in human terms by the mountain of Sinai. There is great significance to describe and identify Godly instructions in terms of a mountain. Perhaps out of all the wonders of our natural world, great mountains inspire and influence us in the most challenging way. I have often wondered why human beings are driven to risk their lives to climb and scale mountains. After all, once one has somehow successfully reached the peak of Mount Everest then the only thing left to do is to come down again. Climbing a mountain is just climbing a mountain. Yet we are always witness to the fact that human beings constantly climb, usually at great financial expense and mortal physical risk. There is something within us that demands that we challenge the mountain and overcome it, so to speak, by reaching its peak and asserting our most human of characteristics – curiosity, adventure, risk-taking and challenging the unknown. If that be true as it is in the natural and physical world that we inhabit, so too is it valid as an understanding of our reach for spirituality and service to the omnipotent and omniscient Creator. All father Abraham originally described as his spiritual goal that the city of Jerusalem and its location be represented as a mountain. Even though the rabbis of the Talmud softened this view and saw Jerusalem as a house and a home, it nevertheless still retains the view of Abraham, as being a mountain. It is not easily accessible to arrive there physically or spiritually. Its terrain is difficult, and its streets are composed of hills and valleys, and ups and downs. The physical Jerusalem is always representative of the spiritual Jerusalem that hovers above it. It takes great effort and patience to climb the mountain of spirituality that Jerusalem represents. Cloaked in the mundane problems of crowded urban living, it nevertheless retains within it the ability to connect human beings to greater heights of attitude, behavior and vision. But the playing field is not the level one. Rather it resembles a steep mountain that to be scaled and often there are great risks in doing so. The simple fool says that just being a good person is sufficient without the ritual and paraphernalia of religion and its observance. However, the wise person realizes that it takes preparation, tools, and enormous effort to just be a good person. The observances that the Torah demands of us are themselves the tools that allow us to attempt to scale that great mountain that lies before each and every one of us.
In honor of Shavuot, I learned how to make homemade butter today! It was so easy! I poured a pint of heavy cream into a mason jar, sealed it, and shook. For like 15 minutes. Eventually it solidified into a soft ball of butter with buttermilk all around. I dumped the buttermilk (because ew) and mixed a little salt into the butter and then spread it on fresh bread. It’s absolutely delicious!
Shavuot challot. These are dairy, so I made them in a very unusual braid style so no one would mistake them for pareve. The braid shape is the Rhodes star, described in Maggie Glezer’s A Blessing of Bread. It’s not particularly a traditional challah shape, but it is pretty. Unfortunately I slightly overbrowned one of the loaves.
menu
Ricotta gnocchi with chard and favas and lots of butter.
Fresh chopped tomato salad with garlic and microgreens.
For Shavuot, I am sharing this sculpture from our collection: Homage to the State of Israel by Oliver O’Connor Barrett (1908-1989), New York, 1958, Walnut. You know that Shavuot celebrates the giving of the Torah, but did you know it is also the traditional yahrzeit of King David?
I think we, as Jews, don’t talk enough about the eating cheesecake and staying up late reading holiday. Name a better religious practice than cheesecake, I’ll wait
Anyway here’s this Yiddish curse I discovered looking for photos of cats stealing shavuot foods
The Instructions in this post are for people who are Jewish (including those who are ancestrally so, but not raised Jewishly), converting to Judaism, seriously interested in Jewish conversion, or are Jewish-Adjacent (part of an interfaith family, etc.) It is NOT for gentiles who wish to “be closer to Jesus” or any similar reason uninvolved with genuine interest in becoming a part of the tribe or participating with loved ones, as this is a form of cultural appropriation.
Thank you for your understanding. Gentlies CAN, however, LEARN and REBLOG!
Shavuot is the last of our Shalosh Regalim - the three pilgrimage festivals!
It is also the shortest - instead of being about a week as per Pesach and Sukkot, it’s just one (or two) days (this depends on whether or not you add an extra day to the holiday on the calendar; a major debate revolving around the importance of keeping to traditions we no longer have a real use for)
It is also the only one without a “set date” - instead, we determine the date of Shavuot based on the date of Pesach (ie, seven “complete weeks” after Pesach. This means for Rabbinic Jews that it falls on the 6th of Sivan, though this varies in other communities)
And also some other controversies you can read about in more detail in the Counting the Omer post
Shavuot has many names!
Shavuot, meaning literally, Weeks
So it’s often called the Feast of Weeks in English - Chag HaShavuot
It is also called the Festival of Reaping, or Chag HaKatsir
And the Festival of First Fruits, Chag HaBikkurim
This ties back into the fact that Shavuot is an Agricultural Festival, first and foremost!
Shavuot marks the end of the period of the Omer, in which days were counted between the start of the Barley Harvest and the start of the Wheat Harvest
Thus, the Day of First Fruits served as the official time to bring an offering of wheat to the Temple in Jerusalem; offerings of the other seven species of Israel (which are wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives, and dates) were also accepted
These offerings were placed in neatly woven baskets, and sent off to Jerusalem in large carts!
This concludes the season of the Omer and, thus, the Season of Passover
So, if we started wandering the desert after we were freed from Egypt at Pesach, this is when we reached the mountain - and stopped wandering for a hot second. This is the end of the journey of the Omer - the journey towards Revelation
It also, as with all the Shalosh Regalim, a Historic Holiday
It has the additional name of the Season of the Giving of the Torah, and that is because Shavuot is now associated with when the People of Israel accepted the Torah on Mount Sinai
This was a Very Big Deal, as the Torah has guided the Jewish way of life (and the Jewish way of Arguing) for thousands and thousands of years
We were free with Pesach, but without the Torah we weren’t really a People yet
In short, if you want to think of this season as like the marriage between the Jewish People and Gd, then Passover is the Betrothal (Kiddushin) and Shavuot is the Marriage (Nissuin)
So on Shavuot, we celebrate the Torah, and our receiving of the Torah, and the commitment we make as Jews to honoring the Torah (aka, the covenant between Gd and the Jewish People)
This means we renew our Jewishness and our acceptance of Torah Every. Single. Year.
This is connected to Jewish conversion
The rabbis say that Every Jewish Soul - including those of Converts - was present at Sinai
Which means that we are all equals within the covenant - every Jew is a Convert
So, Shavuot is not only the holiday of the Torah - it is also the holiday of the Converts!
So what are the big observances of Shavuot, if we don’t bring sacrifices of fruit to the Temple anymore?
Mainly, EATING the fruit, and -
In the theme of this being the anniversary of the receiving of the Torah -
Education!
And the Study of Torah
Since this is a major holiday, the proper greeting is Chag Shavuot Sameach - Happy Shavuot! - and the best way to open the holiday is by lighting Holiday candles - with the blessing “Baruch atah adonai eloheinu melech haolam asher kideshanu b’mitzvotav vetzivanu l’hadlik ner Shel Yom Tov”
STUDY. YOUR. TORAH. STUDYYYYYY.
The most universal Shavuot custom is Studying Torah! Both specifically the Five Books of Moses (Genesis/Bereshit, Exodus/Shemot, Leviticus/Vayikra, Numbers/Bamidbar, and Deuteronomy/Devarim) and the entire Body of Jewish Learning, aka the “torah”
There are some more fancy ways to do this - specifically studying the Book of Ruth, for example, or going to a Tikkun Leil Shavuot - but honestly any Torah study is fair game
Studying the Torah - ie first five books of the Tanakh - is by far the most popular one. You can take the time to study the weekly parsha more in depth than usual, or study portions that you feel compelled to, or follow an online study regimen
Sefaria, as always, has excellent source sheets for Shavuot
I’ll get more into Tikkun Leil and Ruth later, but you can also study non-Tanakh related texts, especially the Pirkei Avot - a text on Jewish ethics that is traditionally studied on Shavuot
This text isn’t very long, so it is frequently studied in its entirety overnight on Shavuot (or in the weeks leading up to Shavuot - it is often incorporated into the Counting of the Omer!)
In truth, I encourage following your dreams here - study something you want to study! Just engage with words of Torah
Eat some Dairy!!!
Traditionally, Shavuot features at least one dairy meal (and many refrain from any meat all together)
The reasons for this are somewhat murky, but at least some accounts are because - like all the Shalosh Regalim (agricultural festivals) - this holiday is associated with the land of Israel, aka a land flowing with “Milk and Honey”
Except that honey is apparently date honey and that milk is Goat’s milk but here we are
Another idea is that because the Jewish people had justreceived the law on Shavuot, then they didn’t have proper meat dishes ready and kashered (made kosher), and went with dairy on that first night
Yetanotheridea is that the Torah Itself is like Milk and Honey (taken from the Song of Songs)
The Zohar also assigns each day of the year to one of the negative commandments of the Torah, and according to this system Shavuot *happens* to be the day of “don’t boil a kid in your mother’s milk” - aka, don’t mix meat and milk, aka, when you eat dairy eat it alone
Whatever the reason, there are a LOT of traditional Shavuot dairy foods!
MANY people eat cheesecake as desert!
Ice Cream is also a popular Shavuot treat!
As are Cheese Blintzes, a sort of savory pancake - a similar food, called an atayef, is the Syrian Jewish version
Cheese dumplings of a variety of kinds are also popular, such as kelsonnes, sambusak, and cheese kreplach
Iraqi Jews eat Kahees, a buttered and sugared dough
And Tunisian and Moroccan Jews eat a seven-layer dairy cake!
Weirdly enough, yemenite Jews don’t eat dairy foods on Shavuot
And I, personally, am starting a new campaign: EAT CHEESE FONDU ON SHAVUOT YOU C O W A R D S
In all seriousness it *is* a dairy-heavy meal that tastes amazing and yes, you can do it with kosher cheese, it’s complicated but you can
Feel free to ask me for my Non-Kosher or Kosher recipes but the Kosher one is largely untested just a fair warning
The irony of a holiday revolving around dairy food in a group of people who are mainly lactose-intolerant is not lost on anyone. I, as a Lactose Tolerant Jew, shall howl with joy in a corner that all the traditional food is stuff I can eat (I’m a vegetarian)
Seriously I’m a huge cheese aficionado seek my guidance and wisdom I can and will lead you to the promised land (of cheese)
Follow your dreams! My plans this year are Fondu the first night and Cheese Ravioli in Alfredo sauce the second night. FOLLOW THE DREAMS. ALL OF THEM.
Man, we Jews are obsessed with eating Fruit
So like I go into the Seven Species a lot for Tu B’Shevat but since this is the holiday where we harvest them, I suggest eating them for Shavuot too
And they are traditional for the holiday!
So, once again, the Seven Species for Israel are Wheat,Barley,Dates,Figs,Pomegranates,Olives, and Grapes
Fruit in general are a great Shavuot food if you don’t want to overdo your lactose-eating pills, including things that are in season where you live!
Googling “Fruit in season now in [your home]” can work, especially if you use a major city
So right now in the Midwest (where I live, just as an example), Cherries Raspberries and Strawberries are just coming into season, and some types of vegetables are becoming a little less seasonal
It all depends on where you live, really, so this is just my advice for you to go out and find what is available in your area!
Just enjoy fruit and other produce in addition to your alarming quantities of dairy :D
Attend (or host) a Tikkun Leil Shavuot!
One of the biggest traditions surrounding Jewish study on Shavuot is to host or attend a Tikkun Leil Shavuot - ie, a studying of Jewish texts all night
Why a religiously-sanctioned all nighter? A few reasons have been given
Honestly the biggest reason is probably just “we need a ritual for Shavuot and this is the best idea we’ve got”
But, the officialstory is that because the Jews fell asleep the night before receiving the Torah, this is our way of proving to Gd that we are Ready and Willing and Eager to learn and receive the Torah
Also there’s a more mystical thought that at midnight heaven opens and receives the thoughts and studies of those who remain awake on this anniversary of Revelation, and that wishes are fulfilled - kind of like on Hoshanah Rabbah, if you remember that bit from my Sukkot post
There is a traditional Tikkun text, but honestly I’m having trouble finding it - this might be my closest bet but it also looks homegrown - basically the traditional text is a body of work with excerpts from all the books of the Tanakh and all the tractates of the Talmud, and some other Rabbinic works
Talmud study is also traditional during the Tikkun, in addition to studying the whole Tanach (especially Ruth and the Torah) and the Pirkei Avot
People usually list these study sessions online as events, or they’re held through synagogues!
Look into ones in your area - they’re especially common amongst more traditionally-minded movement but they can be found through any branch of Judaism
They sometimes go the whole night, other times just through midnight, and still yet other times until a late hour of the morning but not all the way till daybreak. Go for as long as you want, and what is healthy for you!
Also drink coffee. Delicious coffee with dairy creamer is Very Shavuot
Study the Book of Ruth!
The Book of Ruth is one of the Five Megillot - the Five Scrolls - a body of short works in the Tanach each lined up with a Jewish holiday
These scrolls are considered parallel to the Torah, which is also composed of five books
The Book of Ruth is associated with Shavuot because of the story within it!
In this book, Ruth marries one of the sons of Naomi, a Jewish woman
But then, Naomi’s sons die
Rather than leave and go back to her own people (like her sister-in-law does), Ruth vows to be Jewish with Naomi
She accepts the Torah onto herself, making her a Model for the Jewish Convert
She then goes back with Naomi to Israel, gets married to a distant relative of Naomi, and gives birth - to the ancestor of the future King David
Thus, Ruth is the perfect Shavuot text - it celebrates converts AND the acceptance of Torah
Also apparently David - Ruth’s descendant - died around Shavuot, which is another reason for it being read
It is also a Very Gay Book - I mean, for better or worse, wlw tend to identify with Ruth and Naomi (even if it’s a littlecreepy since Naomi is Ruth’s mother in law) - because they have a very romantic dialogue exchange
I choose to see this as a positive but I understand not doing so
And I mean, Shavuot usually is In or Near Pride Month, so… like… it makes sense
Plus it’s one of the few good examples of a Sapphic (ie, woman and woman) queer relationship in the Tanakh soooooOOOOOOO
Since this is such a short book of the Tanakh, it’s easy to read in the one night of Shavuot - and is inspiring for all Jews, but especially Converts
Go to service, and hear the Akdamut!
Attending Shavuot service is pretty much the only “official” Shavuot thing to do, weirdly enough, since the other Shalosh Regalim have oodles and oodles of observances of all kinds
This service usually has the Book of Ruth read aloud, but also poems from Medieval writings, as well as the Hallel prayer of praise, Psalms of praise, and the memorial Yizkor service
In particular prominence is the Akdamut, a poem of praise written by Ashkenazi Jews around a thousand years ago and read every Shavuot - it is a 90 verse poem with multiple acrostics for the letters of the Aramaic/Hebrew alphabet
Not all synagogues have this service, so you have to look pretty thoroughly for it, but at least more traditionally minded shuls will have a morning Shavuot service including all these elements
In fact, many will stay up all night for the Tikkun Leil Shavuot, before immediately going to Shavuot morning service
Since you can only hear the Akdamut this one day a year at shul, it’s well worth a trip!
The Akdamut is an Ashkenazi custom only - being written by Ashkenazim - but Sephardim do sing a poem called the Azharot, which describes all six hundred and thirteen mitzvot (commandments) as set out by the Torah - with the positive mitzvot sung about the first day of Shavuot, and the negative mitzvot the second day
The poem Yatziv Pitgam is also recited in some synagogues on the second day of Shavuot
Basically just go to a shul and listen - there will be a lot to hear!
Enjoy the beginning of summer plants!
Shavuot coincides with the ending of spring, and the opening of summer!
Which means everything is becoming Extra Green - the grass is growing, the leaves are full, the pollen is finally calming the heckdown -
Traditionally, it is said that Mount Sinai blossomed with greenery in anticipation of the giving of the Torah; and greenery figures heavily into the Shalosh Regalim in general, being agricultural festivals
As such, many Jewish people will decorate their homes - or the synagogue - with plants, flowers, and leafy branches, even canopies of flowers and plants in the style of a chuppah (remember, this is the second half of the wedding ceremony between the jewish people and Gd)
Some even would decorate trees, but since this is so similar to Xmas, that tradition has largely Died
So, while in general Jewish people don’t do a whole heckof a lot of holiday decorating, go wild! Fill your home with plants dude!
Spring is ending and summer is here! Bring that into your home!
You are not alone!
Judaism is ALWAYS and FOREVER about community!
Community events are everywhere for this holiday - look into all the local synagogues, Jewish Community Centers, and more for ideas and places to go!
Reach out to friends in the area and come up with a plan yourselves!
Shavuot is a beautiful holiday with infinite potential - you just gotta go for it!
Never just listen to me
I am a potential future rabbi excitedly preparing for Alarming Amounts of Cheese
I have only my experiences and opinions to offer - and there are so many experiences out there!
Talk to everyone, hear what they have to say, and form your own opinions!
You won’t regret it, and you’ll be able to create your own version of Shavuot!
GOOD LUCK, and CHAG SHAVUOT SAMEACH! חג שבועות שמח!!!!!!!!!!!!
i have to say: holding the firm boundary with myself that I don’t do work or schoolwork on Shabbat and Chag–even though I’m not fully Shomer Shabbat in all the traditional ways–has been such a net positive for my life
i think we tend to think of these things as binary: either you’re shomer shabbat or you'e not. Either you’re observant (whatever that means) or you’re not. But it doesn’t have to be. It doesn’t have to be
Shavuot celebrations in lockdown took a strange form, but a wonderful one. Cooked up a storm yesterday, with bourekas, blintzes and cheesecake, then studied at zoom session after zoom session until a dawn shacharit on my own rooftop. It was perfect. I miss my being with my community in person, but this was definitely still a treat.
