Last of the #monastery pictures, probably. #Miami #Florida #fl #travel #vacation #trees #entrance #history #architecture #church #medieval #middleages #pathway (at The Ancient Spanish Monastery Foundation)
Made these Biochemistry & Metabolism notes from last semester for my final exam :) It was my first time taking a 5 credit hour subject. Honestly, there were tons of stuffs + terms to memorize, especially the metabolic pathways. The nucleotide biosynthesis topic was really tough for me b/c I’ve never learn it before + I also had to memorize the diseases + syndromes along with how they affect the associated pathways. Well, I’m just glad that I got a GPA 4.0 for my Biochemistry & Metabolism! Hard work does pay off :)
Galactosaemia describes the presence of galactose in the blood. Galactose is a sugar which mainly comes from lactose, the sugar found in milks. Lactose is normally broken down into the two simple sugars, galactose and glucose. The galactose is then broken down further and used in many parts of the body including the brain.
Galactosaemia is an autosomal recessive deficiency in enzyme (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) responsible for galactose metabolism
Causes build up of galactose in tissues
Symptoms:
Pathogeneseis:
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase converts Galactose-1-phosphate and UDPglucose to UDPgalactose and Glucose-1-phosphate. This can continue down the normal galactose metabolism pathway.
Galactosaemia = deficiency in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. Galactose-1-phosphate accumulates.
G1P is extremely toxic.
Accumulation of G1Pmeanspolyol pathway of carbohydrate metabolism takes place.
Aldose reductase reduces galactose to sugar alcohol galactitol.
Galactitol is not suitable substrate for next enzyme in the pathway; polyol dehydrogenase.
Galactitol accumulates (excreted in urine).
Galactitol is responsible for many negative effects. E.g. osmotic effects - causes lens swelling and hence cataracts.
Accumulated galactose can also be oxidated to galactonate.
Galactonate can be used in the pentose phosphate pathway, so is less harmful.
Other types:
UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose catalysed by UDP-galactose-4 epimerase. Lack of this enzyme is Type 3.
Galactose to Galactose-1-phosphate catalysed by galactokinase. Lack of galactokinase is type 2.
If untreated, macrovesicular steatosis is commonly reported, with evolution to fibrosis and cirrhosis, instead of glycogen accumulation. In more recent studies, young rats fed with galactose exhibit similar histopathological modification in the liver and suggest that oxidative stress has an important role in liver dysfunction.
The treck to my favourite lake, felt like the road less travelled, it was amazingly beautiful! #travel #traveljunkie #travellifestyle #explore #adventure #exploreeverything #betheadventure #finditliveit #ic_trees #trees #beautiful #green #lush #chasinglight #pathway #journey #walk #serene #peaceful #amazing #amazingview
