#italian
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zero (17c), from the French zéro, via the Italian zero, via the Medieval Latin zephirum, via the Arabic sifr, ultimately from the Sanskrit sunya-m, meaning “empty place, desert, naught.”
The concept of zero was invented separately by four civilizations: the 2100c BCE Babylonians, the 1c Chinese, the 4-9c Mayans, and 9c Indians. Zero conceptually requires a positional number system: eg. a ones place, tens place, hundreds place, and so on. Systems like the Romans’ were additive: they functionally counted, with less or no reliance on the position of the numbers, eg. V for five, C for one hundred. Old English had no specific numerical writing system, simply number words that tended to be used adjectivally: eg., “I have ten fingers.” Our current “Arabic numeral” system was invented in India in 6c, and introduced to Europe by Arabic-speakers in 10c.
tariff (1590), originally “an arithmetical table” or “official list of customs duties on imports and exports,” from the Italian tariffa, via the Medieval Latin tarifa, via the Arabic ta’rif, meaning “information, inventory of fees” from the root arafa, “he made known, he taught.”
syrup (14c), from the Old French sirop, via the Italian siroppo, via the Arabic sharab, meaning “beverage, wine,” and literally “something drunk.”
sorbet (1580), “cooling drink of fruit juice and water,” from the French sorbet, via the Italian sorbetto, via the Turkish serbet , via the Persian sharbat, via the Arabic sharba(t), “a drink.” Probably influenced by the Italian sorbire, meaning “to sip.”
sherbet (17c), originally zerbet, “a drink made from diluted fruit juice and sugar.” Directly from the Turkish serbet.
sequin (1610), originally the name of an Italian and Turkish gold coin, via the French sequin, via the Italian zecchino, from the Arabic sikkah, meaning “a minting die.” The current meaning comes from 1882, due to sequins’ resemblance to a gold coin.
orange (14c), originally the fruit.
Old French orange, orenge
Medieval Latin pomum de orenge
Italian arancia, narancia
Arabic naranj
Persian narang
Sanskrit naranga-s
mattress (13c), via the Old French materas, via the Italian materasso, via the Medieval Latin matracium, from the Arabic al-matrah, meaning “the cushion,” literally “the thing thrown down.”
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//LaPentola