Here in California, Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta are household names, as is the organization that they founded, the National Farm Workers Association. But the push for the rights of agricultural workers in California did not start with them. The year 1933 saw an unprecedented amount of labor strikes across the state, involving nearly 50,000 farmworkers, the majority of whom were Mexican and Mexican-American.
The workers, which were organized by unions such as the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) and the Confederación de Uniones de Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos (CUCOM), fought for improved wages and conditions. This document contains a list of 13 petitions from CUCOM to the Japanese Growers of Los Angeles County and include requests for a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour and equal pay for women.
So, from the National Archives at Riverside, viva los trabajadores y viva los Mejicanos americanos!
Historical fiction has always fascinated me. As a young reader, I remember sitting on a cushy winged-chair in a quiet, sunlit corner of the Eagle Pass Public Library getting lost in books about other times, other cultures. I was mesmerized by the period details, but more than that I was drawn to the fiery hearts of passionate characters who fought fiercely to save themselves in times of great strife.
Torches, lamps, roaring flames, these things are often found in historical fiction. They are the staple of books on revolution and change. But they are also things I came to associate with truth and passion. They were metaphorical representations of courage and conviction in the books I read, books that fanned the flame of my development as a writer who attempts to write to elucidate.
ALL THE STARS DENIED is a companion novel to Shame the Stars (Tu Books, 2016). It is the second installment in the family saga of the del Toros as they continue to struggle and flourish despite racism, prejudice, and other political adversities in the United States. In this stand-alone book we meet Estrella, the eldest daughter of Joaquín and Dulceña del Toro (the protagonists from Shame the Stars). The year is 1931, and the Great Depression has brought about racial segregation in Monteseco and even more derision towards Mexican nationals living and working in the United States.
When Estrella organizes a march against the ill treatment of mexicanos in her divided town, she and her family are targeted and forcibly “repatriated” to Mexico. In one torch-lit sweep of Rancho Las Moras, Estrella loses her home, her citizenship, and her father.
The trials and tribulations Estrella and her mother, Dulceña, face as they attempt to return home to Texas with her little brother, Wicho, illustrates another difficult time for Mexican Americans in this country, for it is a matter of historical fact that in the 1930’s the U.S. and Mexican governments worked together to repatriate over 1 million Mexicans & Mexican-Americans back to Mexico. It is also a sad fact that 600, 000 of these repatriates were born U.S. citizens.
Although I did a lot of research on the subject of repatriation during the 1930’s, I had to find ways of incorporating those facts effectively into the novel, and that’s where the art of fictionalizing historical events came into play.
I took inspiration from the books and articles I read as well as the first-person accounts of interviews on YouTube. The small mention of two thousand repatriates huddled together in the winter of 1931 in a corral behind the customs house in Ciudad Juárez in Francisco E. Balderrama’s 2006 book, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the1930s, outraged me, and I knew that the incident needed to become a scene in my novel. But I had no details of that occurrence, so I had to put myself in that position, envision the environment, craft the scenes, and give voice to the characters as best I could. I had to recreateit if I was going to bring the injustice of it all to light.
Throughout the creative process, I asked myself some hard questions. What is important here? Why do I need to depict thisor that incident? At the heart of it all was my need to tell the truth intertwined with my frustration at the inhumane treatment of mexicanos and the demoralization of an entire group of people—mi gente.
Whatever else may fuel my writing in years to come, I know this one thing to be true: I will always write with passion. I will play with fire. I owe it to my loved ones!
Guadalupe García McCall is the author of Under the Mesquite (Lee and Low Books, 20111), a novel in verse, which received the prestigious Pura Belpre Author Award, was a William C. Morris Finalist, and was included in Kirkus Review’s Best Teen Books of 2011, among many other accolades. Her second novel,Summer of the Mariposas (Tu Books, 2012), won a Westchester Young Adult Fiction award and was a finalist for the Andre Norton Award for Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy. Her third novel, Shame the Stars (Tu Books, 2016), is a Commended Title for the América’s Book Award and was chosen as Texas’ Great Reads by the Center for the Book in affiliation with Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Her 4th novel, All the Stars Denied, was just released from Tu Books this fall and has already received a School Library Journal starred review. She is an Assistant Professor at George Fox University and lives with her husband in the Pacific Northwest.
Ocean Vuong, On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous: A Novel | The Shape of Water, dir. Guillero del Toro | F.K.A. Twigs, ‘Water Me’ | Alejandra Pizarnik, ‘To a Poem About Water, By Silvina Ocampo’ | Camille Mariet, Sharing a bubble bath on a rainy day | Ilya Kaminsky, ‘When the Child Sleeps, Sonya Undresses’
Rosa Rolanda Covarrubias - Dancer, Painter, Photographer & Actress. Born on Sept. 6, 1895 in Los Angeles, California. Died on March 25, 1970 in Mexico City, Mexico. (Photograph by Murray Nikolas)
Let’s all remember that Independence Day isn’t a white holiday, it’s an American holiday. True patriots don’t discriminate against people of color or people of a different race from their own.
My submission for Francoise Mouly, Nadja Spiegelman, and Gabe Fowler’s RESIST! political comic newspaper baby. Copies of RESIST! launch today, please see their website to find distribution points in your neck of the woods. Also, prints are available of this image with 50% of proceeds going to the ACLU. Visit here to grab that.
Reblog if your mixed white-Latino and put in the tags what features you got from each side. I’m trying to figure out if there’s any other people with pale skin, grey eyes, but a wide nose and full lips
(Top: Sign in front of J. Paul Leonard Library Gallery at San Francisco State University announcing “Marching Though History” exhibition 2013) (Bottom: Detail shot of Cathy Murphy’s photo, “Cesar Chavez with his dogs, Boycott and Huelga”)
AboutCathy Murphy: When Brooks Institute of Photography opened its doors to female students in the mid-70s, Cathy moved to Santa Barbara to continue her photographic studies. While working as a photographic stringer for the Santa Barbara News and Review, she met one of America’s great Civil Rights leaders, Cesar E. Chavez. After seeing some of Cathy’s photographs, Chavez offered her the position of Staff Photographer for United Farm Workers. Like all UFW volunteers, Cathy was provided housing, a food allowance and $5 per week in wages. Cathy accepted the position and continued to photograph the entire “Thousand Mile March.”
For more than two years, first with the UFW then with a grant from the Woody Guthrie Foundation, Cathy worked in the fields documenting the plight of the farm workers and their children who often worked from dawn until dusk in what Chavez called “the killing fields.” Cathy’s photographs were used by the UFW to rally support for ending child labor and inhumane working conditions. Through her friendship with Cesar and his family, Cathy also captured the personal side of his life as seen in her collection “Marching Through History with Cesar Chavez and the Farm Workers.” (Cathy Murphy - “Cesar Chavez talking to UFW Supporters King City, California” 1975)
On my last day in the Bay Area we visited “Marching Through History”with Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers exhibition. The “Marching Through History” exhibit was a Photo Documentary by Cathy Murphy. Which was held on the campus of San Francisco State University at the J. Paul Leonard Library Gallery and was sponsored by the Labor Archives and Research Center. We attended the “Marching Through History” exhibition on the first day of instruction for many at SFSU, which was not as hectic as I thought it would have been. Anita also had to tie some ends on campus before she began class the next day.
Top:(“Marching Through History” with Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers) Bottom: (Detail image of: Cathy Murphy’s - “Dolores Huerta and her children attending a wedding at Agbayani Village” 1975)
After standing in a couple lines, we proceeded to make our way through the first day school crowds and arrive at the J. Paul Leonard Library Gallery, to attend Cathy Murphy’s exhibition of rarely seen photographs of Cesar Chavez. I was not familiar with Cathy Murphy’s photos of the UFW prior to attending this exhibition. I had only learned in my research the exhibit focused on photographic images of Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers (UFW). Once at the exhibit I was able to learn more about the story and contributions of Cathy Murphy who first photographed Cesar Chavez in 1975. I became engaged with Cathy’s thought provoking images of Cesar Chavez and the UFW. The photographs along with Cathy’s first-hand accounts enlightened me with in-depth knowledge of UFW history and the struggles for laborers rights during her stint as Cesar’sphotographer. (Cathy Murphy - “Small boy about to lift a pesticide can filled with about 20 pounds of onions” 1976)
The“Marching Through History”with Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers exhibit consisted of mostly black & white photographs, with a few colored images, and period UFW labor ephemera. There were many thought provoking images, two such photos that brought me delight were entitled, “Cesar relaxing during a retreat Sweet’s Mill, California” circa 1976, in which I perceived Cesar still assessing the day during a much deserved break, and “Cesar Chavez with his dogs, Boycott and Huelga” 1975, where it looks as Cesar is enjoying Tonatiuh’s rays with his German shepherd companions. To the somber photos of children working in filled fields like, “Small boy about to lift a pesticide can filled with about 20 pounds of onions" 1976, and the final image in the exhibit was a moving photograph from 1993 entitled, “Richard Chavez saying goodbye to Cesar, his brother and best friend,” which was a photograph of Cesar Chavez being laid to rest as his brother Richard paid his respects to an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist.
Very inspiring exhibition Cathy Murphy, San Francisco State University, and the J. Paul Leonard Library Gallery. Bravo.
Jay Lynn Gomez(formerly Ramiro Gomez) was born in 1986 to Mexican immigrant parents in San Bernardino, California. In her Domestic Scenes series, she paints domestic workers within the images of wealthy lifestyles taken from home décor magazines. Using acrylic paint, Gomez adds nannies, gardeners, and day laborers to full-page advertisements from magazines, bringing forth the often invisible labor of those who work behind the scenes to make such luxurious lifestyles possible for the privileged.
Starting in 2009, Gomez worked as live-in nanny for a Los Angeles family for two years. During this time, she began the Domestic Scenes series, documenting her daily experiences and observations of other workers in the home and the neighborhood.
“Gomez’s treatment of the figures, who are nondescript and without discernible facial features, addresses the perception of invisibility and interchangeability of the workers while foregrounding the friction of their position as a universal concern within domestic labor. In an acute synthesis of stylistic treatment with concept, the artist mutes the individuals within the homes, yet she names each figure and describes his or her actions in the title of the piece, highlighting the worker’s presumed anonymity within this hierarchical class structure.” (p.120)
In March 2021, Gomez announced that she is a trans woman. At the time of the publication of Home—So Different, So Appealing, she had not yet identified as trans woman, and is listed under her former name, Ramiro Gomez.
Image 1: Ironies, 2013, Acrylic on magazine leaf, 11” x 8 1/2” Description: A woman with dark hair sitting in a chair with a dog across from her in front of a bookcase.
Image 2: Domestic Scene,Beverly Hills, 2013, Acrylic on two magazine leaves, 11 ½" x 16” Description: A woman with long dark hair standing and looking out the window in a luxurious living room.
Image 3: Alma and Owen, 2013, Acrylic on magazine leaf, 11”x 8 1/2” Description: A woman with dark hair standing in the luxurious living room while a small boy with blond hair crawls on the floor in front of her.
Home–So different, So appealing Chon A. Noriega, Mari Carmen Ramírez, Pilar Tompkins Rivas. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Houston, Texas: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, [2017] Distributed by University of Washington Press. 288 pages: illustrations English HOLLIS number: 990152435020203941
(Detail: gallery view of “Aztlán to Magulandia: The Journey of Chicano Artist Gilbert “Magu” Luján” at the University Art Galleries.)
CAM:
For our November 2017 PST: LA/LA themed field trip, we visited the University of California, Irvine (UCI) to examine “Aztlán to Magulandia: The Journey of Chicano Artist Gilbert ‘Magu’ Luján.” Researching the exhibition prior to our arrival, I learned from the information provided by university that this was “the first survey of one of the most iconic figures of the Chicano art movement.” UCI had also exhibited the work of Luján’s collective Los Four in 1973. Once on campus, we were educated that the survey was split into two areas: the University Art Gallery (UAG) and the Contemporary Arts Center (CAC) Gallery. We chose to visit the UAG first as our introduction. Inside we were welcomed into the gallery by an assortment of glossy glazed colored ceramic sculptures that were created by the artist throughout his years. Most were located near the entrance, placed on platforms in the center of the gallery for up close analyzation.
Along with Magu’s sculptures inside the UAG, we viewed works on paper from originals to prints with other one of a kind pieces which included many of his well-known anthropomorphic creatures. There we were provided with a “List of Works” pamphlet for the participating galleries and that is when we noticed no museum labels adhere beside the artworks. Initially, Anita and I had attempted to decipher titles of the art with provided pamphlet. Some of the artwork titles we were familiar with from previous viewings showcasing Magu’s work throughout the years. No labels for us fostered moments of contemplation while viewing his many prismatic colored creations adorning the wall spaces.
After spending time inside the UAG surveying the art, we then moved on to the CAC Gallery which was about a two minute walk away. Once inside the gallery what had first grabbed my attention was what appeared to me as an altar installation upon initial glance. Upon further examination, I learned the large three-dimensional artwork was a mixed media piece entitled “Trailing los Antepasados.” Close up the massive piece contained many elements of indigenous images in Mr. Luján’s style which narrated a story of migration. The allotment was a “reformulation of Returning to Aztlán” a serigraph print created by the artist which too was exhibited at “Aztlán to Magulandia” very near the three-dimensional, mixed media artwork.
As we walked through the Contemporary Arts Center Gallery, I had noticed a more fluid curated narration of the artworks displayed in this area. Here were multiple works of art located adjacent to each other combined to chronicle tales of love, indigenismo, and migration through the brightly colored lenses of Mr. Gilbert “Magu” Luján.
(View of “Virgen de Guadalupe, Chalma, México” by Graciela Iturbide for Revolution & Ritual exhibition.)
During the long holiday weekend of November 2017, we made a trip to see three participating institutions of the PST: LA/LA programming. Our first location was the Pomona College Museum of Art located on the campus grounds of the Claremont Colleges (a collective of five undergraduate liberal art colleges in the city of Claremont). This college museum hosted the exhibit “Prometheus 2017: Four Artists from Mexico Revisit Orozco” that highlighted the work by four mujeres: Adela Goldbard, Rita Ponce de León, Naomi Rincón-Gallardo, and Isa Carrillo. After reading the welcoming exhibition mission statement within Pomona College Museum of Art’s entrance area, we proceeded to the lower level to the historical collection of sketches and drafts that reflected Orozco’s planning processes to create such a mural masterpiece that is located inside Frary Dining Hall of Pomona College that was completed in 1930; which we visited in conjunction with our itinerary of PST: LA/LA events.
We continued down the hallway and entered an expansive room that contained the video installation by Adela Goldbard. From the exhibit pamphlet provided by the museum, it explained that Goldbard and the use of fire while burning items in an effigy style were to symbolize the political violence of Mexico; some items that were set a blaze were: vehicle replicas and piñatas of politicos and bulls. The video and audio footage displayed within the museum, and the incorporation of volatile flames by Goldbard is similar to the inferno inclusion by Orozco with his piece “Prometheus” which according to Greek mythology, Prometheus gave fire to the human race that in turn enabled them to have progress and, later, civilizations. Through Goldbard’s video installation and within the context of Mexico, the fire of “Prometheus” has been an antithesis due to the country’s high level of criminal activity that is allowed by the corrupt politicians and police officials and not the civilized society related to the Greek god.
The next section that Robert and I entered was a curated historical timeline of facts, pictures, and ephemera between the connection of Pomona College and the “Prometheus” mural by José Clemente Orozco. After this we crossed into the extensive painting by Rita Ponce de León. Her body of work were the words spoken by Claremont College students who answered the following questions: “What does Prometheus mean to you?” and “What does art mean to you?” Ponce de León transferred these “inherited conversations” (students’ responses to questions) by directly painting them onto the museum walls thus, literally, leaving her mark on the Pomona College campus [similar] in likeness of Orozco’s “Prometheus” mural.
Our path was then guided to the works by Naomi Rincón-Gallardo. Patrons were instructed use the accompanying headphones to fully comprehend the videos that reflected themes of liberation, feminist thought, and the push towards to enlightenment which are pillars of the Greek god Prometheus.
The last mujer featured in this exhibit was Isa Carrillo. The accompanying literature explained Carrillo took direct inspiration from José Clemente Orozco due to her artist residency at his house studio in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México and her work was a direct response to her time there. Isa Carrillo included various pieces inspired by the tragic firework accident in which Orozco lost his left hand. For example one of Carrillo’s pieces was a display of test tubes filled with gunpowder which reflected the same substance that caused the amputation in 1904.
We departed Pomona College and drove to the neighboring campus of Scripps College to visit the second participating institution of the Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery. This institution of the Claremont Colleges organized the exhibit “Revolution and Ritual: The Photographs of Sara Castrejón, Graciela Iturbide, and Tatiana Parcero.” The accompanying catalogue explained the focus to be of “women who have shaped the photographic field” of Mexico beginning in 1908 to the present and how these mujeres were trailblazers in their own right. This gallery made its presence known that beyond its autumn courtyard was a warm welcome for one to examine these female photographers who all shared a special connection to Mexico. The first woman was to our left, the surrealist photographer, Graciela Iturbide. The exhibit catalogue contained the details behind Iturbide’s subject matter. An essay by Ph.D. Associate Researcher Marta Dahó explained that Graciela Iturbide that photography was used “to preserve the intensity of the encounter characterized by an atmosphere of complexity and surprise” at a specific moment in time and space. This intensity is indeed captured by Graciela Iturbide in “Nuestra Señora de Las Iguanas, Juchitán, Oaxaca” (1979; translation: “Our Lady is the Iguanas, Juchitán, Oaxaca), a figurative portrait of a Mexican woman graciously wearing a crown of live iguanas atop of her dark hair.
We continued along the gallery walls in a clockwise fashion and found the second artist: Tatiana Parcero. This photographer used the medium along with historical imagery to create symbolism and interpretation through the human body. The essay by Dr. Esther Leah Gabara, an Associate Professor of Romance Studies at Duke University, stated that the artist used her own body as the model for all the pieces then layered the historical visual to create a unique interpretation for the patron to look between the lines or in the case of Tatiana Parcero, to look between the layers.
The third women in this exhibition was Sara Castrejón: a native from Teloloapan, Guerrero was born in 1888 to an affluent familia who studied photography in Mexico City at the age of eighteen which was an oddity for women during the early part of the twentieth century. In the center of the gallery, we reached Castrejón’s collection of original photographs as well as information inserts that recreated the harshness of the Mexican Revolution with hint of amazement for these artifacts to have survived this long. Noted research professor from la Universidad de Puebla, John Mraz explained in his essay within the catalogue that Castrejón returned to her hometown, a small city, to work alongside her sister Dorotea to open a photography studio and began to document the life occurrences when Mexico began to change due to the nation’s revolutionary movement. Sara’s decision to stay and be committed to Teloloapan as a resident was at the center of her photographic lens which led her to be “the only women to extensively document the Mexican Revolution (1910-20) [and] one of the earliest female war photographers in the world.” The curated display included different stages of the Mexican Revolution and its countless interactions with the city and residents of Teloloapan: from various revolutionary factions taking control of the township and the immortalization of military generals to documenting the lesser known sides of the rebellion - female participants, war effects on children, and the precious moments of life before execution.
To close our PST: LA/LA trip to the Inland Empire, we departed the Claremont Colleges and drove to downtown Pomona, just a few miles away. The third and final location was the dA Center for the Artswith“d’Aztlán: A Sense of Place”an exhibit that explored “the Chicano/a art movement and the vast influences that Chicano/a culture has had on the southwestern United States and beyond.” Some of the participating artists were: David Botello, Richard Haro, Frank Romero, Margaret Garcia, and various members of the Gilbert “Magu” Lujan family. The dA Center for the Arts provided a communal space for Chicano/a artists to share their work as well as to be added to a public or private collection.
(Detailed view of Emigdio Vasquez’s piece from “My Barrio” exhibit at Chapman University.)
On a Saturday afternoon in December 2017, Robert and I traveled to survey the numerous components of “My Barrio: Emigdio Vasquez and Chicana/o Identity in Orange County” displayed at Chapman University, a small private liberal arts college located in Orange, California. Our first stop on campus was the Guggenheim Gallery that contained Vasquez’s original paintings that portrayed the daily activities of Chicanos and Chicanas living in Orange County. This gallery exhibit also had contemporary artists such as Ana Serrano and Shizu Saldmando amongst other participating artist.
The second portion of the Vasquez legacy was found outside the doors of the Guggenhiem Gallery. Within the Moulton Hall Courtyard of the university was a mural in progress by Higgy Vasquez, son to the celebrated Emigdio Vasquez. Higgy’s mural about the history of Chapman University once completed will also leave a mark within county’s narrative.
From the informational brochures provided by the institution, we walked over to the third location of the Argyros Forum Henley Galleria, within the student union, to learned more about the life of Emigdio himself through a timeline perspective. Through a historical lense, we saw family artifacts and heirlooms to examples of important events within Orange County that impacted Emigdio Vasquez’s development of consciousness which later expanded further during the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and beyond.
The last and fourth location of the “My Barrio” exhibition was located a few blocks away from the main campus in the Cypress Street barrio of the city of Orange. Emigdio Vasquez’s mural “El Proletariado de Aztlán” (1979) contained symbolism relating to different aspects of the Chicano/a history: from the Aztec warrior and their society’s pyramids to the brothers & sisters fighting for labor and civil rights for the current and future generation of la Raza. In addition, this mural was recently restored by Higgy Vasquez, son of the artist, in 2014 due to the funding provided by Chapman University. Overall, “My Barrio: Emigdio Vasquez and Chicana/o Identity in Orange County” was a collective experience that brought together the history of this county and the impact it had in the artwork by the late Emigdio Vasquez as well as those who continue to be inspired by his various murals found throughout Orange County, California.
(Collection of “Undocumented Interventions” series by artist Julio César Morales at CAFAM.)
Our PST: LA/LA programming for December 2017 was “The U.S.-Mexico Border: Place of Imagination, and Possibility” at the Craft & Folk Art Museum (CAFAM) located in Los Angeles, California. The installations presented the “work of contemporary artists who explore[d] the border as a physical reality (place), as a subject (imagination), and as a site for production and solution (possibility).” This goal of exploration and explanation of border issues stayed true to its field: the analyzation of the unique relationship, history, and dynamics of the United States of America and Mexico border that expands across 1,954 miles and its impact on the millions of documented and undocumented people living on both sides of the border wall.
After taking in the introductory information, Robert and I began our journey through the various rooms and floors that manifested the impact of the border on the Chicano/Latino communities. We surveyed the works of various artists, such as Eduardo Sarabia and Betsabee Romero, who used reclaimed materials to demonstrated the power of globalization, commercialism, consumerism, and transnationalism.
On the first floor of CAFAM and adjacent to the introductory wall of exhibition title was the work by the Mexicana, Elizabeth Rustrian Ortega. The artwork entitled “Cruce de Armas” (2013) was a mixed medium piece in the form a fashionable women’s chunky necklace that consisted of synthetic materials shaped into smaller versions of fully automatic weapons in which a small female figure with no face sat atop of and was strung across a 14K gold-plated sterling silver barbed wire necklace. This distinctive necklace by Rustrian Ortega inspired me to think of this piece within the context of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994 and its effects of globalization and consumerism via the U.S.-Mexico border. Rustrian Ortega’s “Cruce de Armas” intentional shape of a necklace can also be interpreted to be the continuous and never-ending pattern of globalization and consumerism that produce amazing results for the people in power but come at a great cost to the people, their families, and communities.
After a small flight of stairs, we made to the third floor that contained part of the expansive exhibition “The U.S.-Mexico Border: Place of Imagination, and Possibility.” While taking in the artwork, I was surprised to see a statue of Chalino Sánchez, famous Mexican corrido singer, constructed out of cardboard and wood by artist Ana Serrano. Within the context of the exhibition, I connected Serrano’s manifestation of Chalino Sánchez in cardboard to the themes of commercialism and transnationalism. The subject matter of Chalino Sánchez (birth name: Rosalino Sánchez Felix) reflected his story as an immigrant from Sinaloa, México who during the during the late 1980s and early 1990s rose in popularity due to his unique interpretations of corridos y narcocorridos and his loyal fanbase who due to transnationalism knew and connected to the themes in his songs that included Mexican classics such as: “Nieves de enero,” “Tengo el alma enaorada,” y “Baraja de oro.” The use of cardboard as a medium by Ana Serrano can be connected to commercialism since cardboard boxes are used to move goods and items from one place to another; for example: from Mexico to the United States or del sur para el norte which can include music, personal items, family heirlooms, and cultural goods. To this day, commercialism and transnationalism keeps Chalino’s music alive since he was infused within the lives of Mexicanos, Mexican-Americans, Chicanos, and other Latinos who have heard, connected, and listened to his music for the past three decades.
We proceeded to the second floor and in a subsequent room, the works by Julio César Morales left a profound feeling due to my personal connection to the subject matter. “Undocumented Interventions #17, #1, and #16” illustrations depicted creative methods in which people, including children, risked their lives in order to cross the U.S.-México border through concealment. “Undocumented Interventions” showed the viewer how children and adults hid in everyday items to leave their native homeland in order to join the millions of people who work in U.S. to provide for their families. I connected to Morales’ series of works to my own family’s stories of migration through concealment and the greater risk that women and children/youth take to reach the United States in attempt to reach the “American Dream.” With his artwork, I took a moment of silence to remember my family trauma: stuffed into a car trunk with five unknown men and remain silent for countless hours; cross the U.S. border and the various checkpoints before reaching the final location; or, the desperation of wandering the Arizona desert for days while hiding from la migra to come back to one’s family after deportation.
In conclusion, this exhibition highlighted the truth, pain, resiliency, and tenacity of immigrants who cross through the U.S.-Mexico and all the communities who continue to work together to find solutions to border issues.
(Detail photo of Rafa Esparza’s ‘cumbre’ performance area at MOCA)
The final Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA event we attended landed us in January of the next calendar year, 2018, which also was towards the end of the overall PST: LA/LA event programming run. The showcase attended was Rafa Esparza’s performance of “cumbre” look as far as you can see in every direction - north and south, east and west” in Los Angeles, California at The Geffen Contemporary at MOCAgalleries.
We learned the basis of the performance would be that “this newly commissioned work by Rafa Esparza is an ambitious, three-part performance at The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA. Esparza’s point of departure is a meditation on bridges and bodies of water as sites of connection and healing, division and risk. The artist’s performance responds to personal, familial histories of immigration into the United States and the deeply complex history of downtown Los Angeles. Esparza will be joined by artist Sebastian Hernandez for a special collaboration in the final segment of the afternoon’s performance.”
Early arrival to the museum was necessary knowing there would be a line awaiting us to enter the venue. Once doors opened to the public, we were directed into the galleries transformed into am open concept performance area and guided over to a tall erected adobe edifice, part of which was a bridge the artist had laid under while performance goers crossed over to enter inside. Across from the bridge was a prominent sliver shiny wall which reflected opaque images of passers by.
With the audience situated Rafa slowly came from under the structure. Dressed in what appeared to be a burlap modesty cloth wrapped around the waist. Adorning the artist’s neck were long braids of hair that wrapped around like a necklace. The artist later uncoiled the braids which reached to the floor. Esparza then proceeded to dress himself. Brown pants, white sneakers and a red button up long sleeve shirt. Once fully clothed, Rafa then focused on a intermediate wooden structure that had a small stage with a frame built on to it, all located near the center of the gallery. Water was activated and poured from the top of the structure cascading on to the fully clothed artist. The creative let it be known with grunts and other unpleasant sounds that the water was not to temperature and overwhelming. All the while a super imposed image of a river scene was displayed on one end of the gallery walls through out the performance.
After the artist had come down from the wooden structure drenched, I noticed multiple puddles of water dyed red on the gallery floor due to Rafa’s shirt bleeding pigment. Esparza then made a path to a clear acrylic podium located off to the side that had a backdrop of living succulent plants and adobe bricks. That is where Rafa started the construction of his spoken word part of the performance. The speech focused on personal stories of family, migration and life in L.A. The artist even transcribed the challenging negotiations with the museum for the commission. Amidst the speech, artist Sebastian Hernandez walked in to the gallery on all fours in a primal fashion. Dressed in only brown linen pants and his head covered in one inch squared mirrors adhered to his scalp. Sebastian performed an interpretive dance utilizing all the space in gallery while Rafa concluded his address. In silence, Hernandez discarded his pants only to be left in underwear. A pair of clear acrylic heels were put on and the waterfall was once more activated. The virtuoso climbed up as the water came down. Then sounds of a hard hitting bass line started to pump through the space. The composition Sebastian Hernandez performed to was Kelman Duran’s “1984, Primero, Ultimo” as the water rained down. Once the production concluded the artist got down from the wooden structure and stopped the water. That is when Rafa Esparza and Sebastian Hernandez came together to exit through double doors for the grand exit.
In conclusion, the programming of Pacific Standard Time: Latin American and Latino Art in Los Angeles 2017 was an extensive cross-cultural effort by the Getty Foundation alongside the collaboration of artists, galleries, institutions, and countless people who created art spaces that facilitated dialogues between Los Angeles and Latin America at a pivotal moment in time. CHICANO ART MOVEMENT and its staff provided media coverage and comments on the different aspects and facets of PST: LA/LA 2017. In total, CHICANO ART MOVEMENT attended 18 programming events, drove 704 miles across Southern California, networked with numerous artists and colleagues, read museum exhibition catalogues & supplemental materials to provide original and exclusive content during the run of PST: LA/LA from our independent outlet - the CHICANO ART MOVEMENT perspective. Through our coverage of Pacific Standard Time: Latin American and Latino Art in Los Angeles (2017) on CHICANO ART MOVEMENT’s various social media sites, we brought insightful commentary from the ground floor as an active audience participant of this grand artistic initiative.
CAM decided to become engaged with 2017′s Pacific Standard Time was due to: (1) the increased amount of Latin American art exhibitions and participants; (2) the immediate art availability to us in Southern California; (3) the engagement invitations from listed institutions and FINN Partners to see and live through the PST: LA/LA 2017 experience; and (4) our previous immersion with 2011’s Pacific Standard Time: Art in L.A. 1945 - 1980. CHICANO ART MOVEMENT focused time and effort to appreciate, take in, and to preserve the artwork, perspective, supporting information, and visions that brought each specific agenda to life and fruition. Overall, CHICANO ART MOVEMENT took each program as an opportunity to: (1) learn about Chicana/Chicano contributions within the arts here in Los Angeles; (2) be informed by Latin American art; and (3) most importantly, to digitally curate these artistic contributions to be viewed.
With the new year of 2017, we received an invitation to our first interaction of Pacific Standard Time and attended the PST: LA/LA Countdown Celebration at the NeueHollywood in January 2017. This launch party was filled with announcements, musical acts, and opportunities to mingle with different supporters of the arts. The night’s festivities reflected the growth from its previous entry of 2011 since the 2017 edition now contained more exhibitions, genres, mediums, and artists including musicians & performance artists, from both local and international levels.
(Detailed view of “Over the Edge” an oil on canvas by Carlos Almaraz.)
Months later in August 2017 with the official launch of PST:LA/LA programming, CHICANO ART MOVEMENT reserved tickets for a late night press opportunity with Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)Muse ‘til Midnight event that drew inspiration from PST: LA/LA which transformed open museums spaces to include musical elements via DJ sets of various genres of the 1990s. The first exhibit titled “Home — So Different, So Appealing” contained different interpretations of the place of home with the added layer of migration. The listed artists provided a true reality of homes which led me to think of the concept of “staying in one place” can produce a sense of home and how countless Chicanas/Chicanos & Latin Americans are still working towards that goal. Moving to another area on the LACMA grounds, CAM staff saw the long awaited, life collection exhibition titled “Playing with Fire: Paintings by Carlos Almaraz.” Almaraz’s vibrant color usage provided clarity and beauty in his captivating car crashes and Echo Park scenes that enticed viewers to connect & get lost within the subject matter. The final exhibit on this LACMA trip was the exhibition “A Universal History of Infamy” with various participating artists. A specific piece that I gravitated towards was the installation by Vincent Ramos: an ephemeral collection of those “infamous” people in the Chicana and Chicano community. Ramos included books, magazines, pictures, tidbits, and historical information of infamous Raza members such as: Reies Lopez Tijerina, Freddy Fender, Ruben Salazar, and Lynda Carter. These three PST: LA/LA exhibits in conjunction with LACMA’s Muse ‘til Midnight provided a different vibe for patrons to enjoy the artwork with lively ambiance, promoted cultural expansion, and deconstructed the relationship between art institutions and its community members through a synchronization of art & music.
In the following month of September 2017, CHICANO ART MOVEMENT traveled to Muzeo Museum and Cultural Center in Anaheim to conduct a walk through of “Deconstructing Liberty: A Destiny Manifested.” Various Latin American artists shared their works and distinct interpretations of liberty as both a concept and a reality. In addition, the audience saw pieces that contained various themes of “post-liberty” such as: erasure, deletion, and insensitivity towards the people and their cultures of said Latin American countries.
In September 2017 and in conjunction with the Independence Day celebrations of various Latin American countries, the PST: LA/LA Concert was held at the historic Hollywood Bowl with the star studded lineup & in order of appearance: Mon Laferte (Chile), La Santa Cecilia (Los Angeles, CA), and Café Tacvba (México). From the concert, I most enjoyed that musical acts were included as an art form and that we had prime, front row seats to the whole performance during our first attending concert at the Hollywood Bowl.
(Concert lineup at the Hollywood Bowl, from left to right: Mon Laferte, La Santa Cecilia, and Café Tacvba.)
In October 2017, CAM returned to LACMA to survey another two entries of the PST: LA/LA itinerary. The first item of the day was “Found in Translation: Design in California and Mexico, 1915 - 1985” that created a visual, historical walkthrough of different examples of cultural exchange between the United States of America and Mexico. The focus was specifically the period between 1915 through 1985 in which over its 70 year span, each Mexico and the United States endured many transformations as countries with its peoples, respectively. From a historical point of view, the exhibit and accompanying catalogue shared accomplishments between the nations that highlighted artistic contributions and different interpretations within the four sectors of: Spanish Colonial Inspiration, Pre-Hispanic Revivals, Folk Art & Craft Traditions, and Modernism. Of all the items in this expansive exhibition, I gravitated towards the mid-century modern pieces as well as those related to Chicana and Chicano artists such as: Judithe Hernández, Yolanda M. Lopez, and David Botello. The last activity at LACMA for the day was an intimate tour of the Nuevo Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, or NuMu for short. This egg-shaped structure in a previous life actually sold eggs and, now in its current life, was transformed by Guatemalan artists Jessica Kairé and Stefan Benchoam into a traveling museum. The museum does grab one’s attention since it perpetuates that art can be containable, mobile, and connects with the audience on a micro level.
By late October 2017, CAM traveled to the Orange County shoreline of Laguna Beach, California to see three installments of PST: LA/LA. First, we saw saltfineart gallery’s exposition of “Descendants and Dissonance: Cultural Iconography in Contemporary Los Angeles” that featured Chicana/Chicano artists: Oscar Magallanes, Linda Vallejo, and Sonia Romero. Overall as an exhibit, Magallanes and Vallejo provided a critical point of view about the corporate imagery that is found in pop and personal cultures. In regards to the works by Sonia Romero, CAM was informed by gallery staff that her contributions were not viewable since the artist had already collected her pieces. After the art gallery, CAM walked a short distance to the Laguna Art Museum & its two entries in the PST 2017 programming. On the museum’s main floor, it housed the “California Mexicana: Missions to Murals, 1820 - 1930” exhibition containing paintings and artworks that provided a historical perspective of California as a Mexican territory to its growth as an incorporated state of the USA. On the Laguna Art Museum’s lower level, the works of “Dan McCleary: Prints from Oaxaca” provided an inside view to his thought & physical processes of printmaking working with copper plate etchings, techniques McClearly learned from Oaxaca.
In mid November 2017, CAM stepped onto the University of California, Irvine campus to view the “Aztlán to Magulandia: The Journey of Chicano Artist Gilbert ‘Magu’ Luján” retrospective organized by its University Art Galleries. This exhibition of the artist Gilbert “Magu” Luján reflected his interesting themes of love, mythic creatures, and migration. His vivid ceramic examples made one wonder about Luján’s academic graduate studies at UC Irvine during his MFA Sculpture program (1970 - 1973) and his pivotal role in organizing the first institutional exhibit of “Los Four: Almaraz/de la Rocha/Lujan/Romero” debuting at UC Irvine’s Art Gallery in 1973 before moving to LACMA in 1974.
(View of fine art print titled “Ford Enchilada being followed by un pan chicano” by Gilbert “Magu” Luján.)
The next of Pacific Standard Time programming took us to the eastern edge of Los Angeles County on a Saturday in late November 2017 to see a few entries. At the Claremont Colleges grounds, we traveled to the first location of the Pomona College Museum of Art to see the exhibit “Prometheus 2017: Four Artists from Mexico Revisit Orozco’’ (as of summer 2020, it is now known as the Benton Museum of Art at Pomona College). This programming of 4 artists – Isa Carrillo, Adela Goldbard, Rita Ponce de León, and Naomi Rincón-Gallardo – drew inspiration from the original Prometheus artwork by José Clemente Orozco (located in the college’s dining hall) and surrounded the viewer with contemporary examples, interpretations, and inspiration projected by the Orozco piece. Overall, Pomona College Museum of Art presented a very pleasing historical foundation with its permanent collection of how influential Orozco’s Prometheus fresco is on students and visitors as well as with artists. On the other side of the Claremont Colleges, we entered the Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery at Scripps Collegefor“Revolution and Ritual: The Photographs of Sara Castrejón, Graciela Iturbide, and Tatiana Parcero.” All three artistas Mexicanas provided snapshots of the historical and contemporary impacts of Mexico on its people during a specific moment of time. As a photographer and digital curator, I connected to Castrejón, Iturbide, & Parcero and their usage of cameras, modern techniques, and subject matter since it conveyed the intimate thought behind the framed shot. Our last destination was away from the Claremont Colleges and five miles later, we were at the dA Center for the Arts located in Pomona’s Downtown. The dA Center’s PST: LA/LA exhibition was entitled “d’Aztlán: A Sense of Place” that included a collection of different Chicana & Chicano artists and their personal interpretations of Aztlán.
In early December 2017, CAM traveled to Chapman University to survey the Chicano muralist of Orange County, Emigdio Vasquez. The expansive endeavor of “My Barrio: Emigdio Vasquez and Chicana/o Identity in Orange County” was divided into four parts with three on campus locations & the other a few streets away, all properties belonging to the university. At the Guggenheim Gallery at Chapman, as a space it displayed Vasquez’s works that highlighted the urban perspective of Orange County barrios alongside other contemporary artists: Shizu Saldamando, Ana Serrano, and Ken Gonzales-Day. After exiting and directly across the gallery, we were in the Moulton Hall Courtyard and saw the new mural & its in-progress state. According to the accompany “My Barrio” exhibition map & guide: this “new mural […] will celebrate Chapman University’s history and identity” and “the mural is generously funded by the Ellingson family and is to be executed by Higgy Vasquez, who apprenticed under his father for many years, and is assisted by his sister, Rosemary Vasquez.” We then walked to the university’s Argyros Forum Henely Galleria area for Vasquez’s artistic outline of “critical events and movements of Mexican and Chicana/o history.” This included the agricultural aspect del barrio since Chicanas/Chicanos and Mexicanas/Mexicanos provided the needed human labor to work the orange groves that primarily covered the county between the 1940s through the 1960s. Away from campus and located within the community was the fourth Vasquez component, his “El Proletariado de Aztlán” mural that was originally painted in 1979 and was mostly restored by his son Higgy Vadquez in 2014. “El Proletariado de Aztlán” contained elements of the Chicana/Chicano consciousness and enlightenment since he displayed themes of huelga of political & agricultural topics, cultural resistance against Yankee assimilation & hegemony, and flourishing communities of color living in postwar America.
The day after Xmas 2017, we traveled back to Los Angeles’ Wilshire Boulevard to take in PST: LA/LA participating exhibition titled “The US-Mexico Border: Place, Immigration, and Possibility” at CAFAM (the Craft And Folk Art Museum was renamed to Craft Contemporary in 2019). The participating artists provided various examples of the hyper commercialization of goods, ideas, labor between the United States of America and Mexico. The various contributions in “The US-Mexico Border” exhibit illuminated the misconception of the American Dream and its unattainability by countless people on both sides of the USA/Mexico border since 1848 to the present day.
(Guillermo Bert [b. 1959, Santiago, Chile] and his 2016 cotton, woven textile piece titled “La Bestia/The Beast”)
A late entry within the PST: LA/LA programming came in mid-January 2018 with the performance artist of Rafa Esparza with “cumbre: look as far as you can see in every direction – north and south, east and west” at the Geffen Contemporary at MOCA, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, California. With tickets, we joined patrons for the performance of Rafa Esparza and special guest Sebastian Hernandez who engaged the audience from the moment one walked into the space. Through artistic expressions, they gave life to Esparza’s powerful written and spoken narration of life testimony that gave examples of inner dialogue when contesting boundaries.
To close, 2017’s Pacific Standard Time: Latin America and Latino Art in Los Angeles had lots to offer in the artworld. PST’s participating institutions and artists filled Southern California with meaningful art of different mediums which inspired, connected, and resonated with us. From my point of view, it was historic & empowering to see Chicanas and Chicanos being invited to contribute their artwork and have it hung on institutional walls but was the attending audience from the Chicana/Chicano community? There was a somewhat disconnection between the art and getting the audience to the artwork for illumination & resonation to occur. From personal recollection of what we attended, most venues only had a handful of attendees and I was left to ponder if PST 2017 met its numerical goal of people in attendance, particularly the number of people for whom this endeavour is named after.
Out of the list of CAM attended events, there were some highlights. My favorite was the PST: LA/LA Concert at the Hollywood Bowl since a great rockero band like Café Tacvba was the headliner and with our seating, lived the “front row life” & experienced their musical catalogue in a historical venue of Los Angeles. Robert gained the most knowledge from “Revolution and Ritual: The Photographs of Sara Castrejón, Graciela Iturbide, and Tatiana Parcero” at the Ruth Chandler Williamson Gallery of Scripps College. From attending and reading the accompanying catalogue, Robert learned a different perspective of Mexico as a nation including real life, gruesome historical details and events of the Mexican Revolutionary War. Of this exhibition and its participating female artists, Robert gravitated towards Graciela Iturbide’s famous surrealist works & was intrigued by Taitana Parcero’s contemporary twist of overlapping imagery on photographs.
(CAM’s catalogue collection of PST: LA/LA 2017 attended exhibitions.)
CAM would like to recognize and give thanks to those who provided support, materials, and information about PST: LA/LA which helped with our commitment in supplying commentary & curation of the Chicano Art Movement experience. Our appreciations go out to:
Maura Klosterman-Vu, Senior Account Supervisor at Polskin Arts & Communications Counselors – A Division of FINN Partners
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Laguna Art Museum
The University Art Gallery and the Contemporary Arts Center Gallery at University of California, Irvine
The Ruth Chandler William Gallery at Scripps College
Stay tuned here and our other social media sites for the final installation of a three part series by CHICANO ART MOVEMENT blog’s coverage of the review of PST: LA/LA Attended Programming.
Gabriella Herrera grew up in a rural town in California. Her mother always emphasized the importance of education, work ethic, and leadership, but that wasn’t always reflected in her community. She came from a high school with lots of Latinos and African Americans, and not many went to ‘good’ colleges, she said. “Because of that, I was more motivated to do well and defy the stereotype or just be an alternate…image of what it means to be Latina, and show that you can succeed no matter what background you can come from.”
And she has succeeded: she started working in labs at 15 at Stanford and the University of Southern California. She graduated as the first Latina valedictorian at her high school, and was athletic and involved in community service. When I called her, I was hoping she’d be socially awkward or something so I’d feel better about myself, but unfortunately for the rest of us average folk, she was a confident speaker and we got along well. Simply put, she’s the girl college admissions officers dream about. Gabriella was accepted to all the Ivy League schools and Stanford, eventually choosing to cross the country and call Harvard her new home, majoring in neuroscience.
“My mother always taught me to never forget where I came from,” she said. She serves in Harvard’s minority recruitment program, mentors Boston high school students, and, if she becomes a neurosurgeon, will be the first female Mexican-American neurosurgeon ever. “I’ve done a lot of research, I hardly see Latinos, let alone Latinas,” she said. “I specifically have had to seek out Latino physicians or researchers.” But why is it so important to see someone of your background in your dream job? “It’s important for a younger student to actually visualize and see, like 'Yes, there are Latinas in STEM and that’s something that I can do, too…I can get there because she made it, too.’”
She hopes to work abroad after graduation next year to Central or South America. Eventually, she says, she wants to return to a community like the one she grew up in - “rural, under-served, high populations of minorities - and deliver free or low-cost healthcare to those communities."
Her advice? "Remember where you came from and what your goal is at the end of all of this, and remember who you want to serve at the end of all of this…Go back to your community and help other young girls cause that’s the only way that we’re gonna keep moving forward.”
New Music Monday! We highlight new music from female-fronted bands every Monday.
This week is Bombón, a three-piece surf rock band out of San Pedro, California made up of Angela Ramos, Paloma Bañuelos, and Jerico Campbell. The song we’re featuring, “¡Xicanista!”, is an anthem to feminism and a celebration of the band’s roots—both Ramos and Bañuelos are Mexican Americans.
"There are lot of racist and sexist issues appearing on Trump’s campaign and we have never felt as motivated to stand up for our beliefs,” says Bañuelos.
My abue used to make me this cake for birthdays and special moments, so naturally I link it to sweet memories and sparkly eyes. If I soak in those moments, I am filled with sweetness too.
