#crystal
Day 26: Crystal
A sample all-inorganic perovskite solar cell is a step towards toward commercial use, according to scientists at Rice University. Their discovery of a way to quench defects in cesium-lead-iodide solar cells allowed them to preserve the material’s band gap. Image credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University
By Anthony Caggiano
Rice University scientists have replaced some of the lead in perovskite solar cells with indium, which could help improve their performance.
Rice materials scientist Jun Lou and his colleagues at the Brown School of Engineering have been able to better manage defects in cesium-lead-iodide solar cells that affect the compound’s band gap, a critical property in solar cell efficiency.
The cells can also be made in open air and last for months rather than days with a solar conversion efficiency slightly above 12%.
Traditionally, materials used in perovskites - crystals with cube-like lattices and are efficient light harvesters – tend to be stressed by light, humidity and heat.
Rice postdoctoral researcher and lead author Jia Liang and his team built and tested perovskite solar cells of inorganic cesium, lead and iodide, the very cells that tend to fail quickly due to defects. But by adding bromine and indium, the researchers were able to quash defects in the material, raising the efficiency above 12% and the voltage to 1.20 volts.
As a bonus, the material proved to be exceptionally stable. The cells were prepared in ambient conditions, standing up to Houston’s high humidity, and encapsulated cells remained stable in air for more than two months, far better than the few days that plain cesium-lead-iodide cells lasted.
‘The highest efficiency for this material may be about 20%, and if we can get there, this can be a commercial product,’ Liang said. ‘It has advantages over silicon-based solar cells because synthesis is very cheap, it’s solution-based and easy to scale up. Basically, you just spread it on a substrate, let it dry out, and you have your solar cell.’
This list will explain common stones that are either toxic to use for drinking in gem water or stones that are soluble in water. :)
Alunite: Non toxic but soluble in water
Anglesite: Toxic and slightly soluble in water
Arsenopyrite: Potentially toxic
Azurite: Harmful
Azurite-Malachite: Harmful
Azurite-Pseudomalachite: Harmful
Bunsenite: Toxic; allergen; avoid skin contact
Calomel: Possibly hazardous to health
Cerussite: Toxic
Chalcanthite: Harmful; easily soluble in water
Cinnabar: Very toxic!
Cinnabar-Opal: The cinnabar stored in the opal is toxic
Crocoite: Toxic
Cuprite: Harmful
Durangite: Potentially toxic
Eclipse Stone: Limestone with orpiment, toxic
Eilat Stone: Harmful
Erythrite: Potentially toxic
Fiedlerite: Toxic
Fluorite,Antozonitevariety: Potentially harmful
Galenite: Toxic and slightly soluble in water
Gaspeite: Harmful; allergen; avoid skin contact
Greenockite: Toxic
Halite: Not toxic in small quantities, but dissolves easily in water
Iron-nickel Meteorite: Harmful; allergen; avoid skin contact
Jamesonite: Potentially toxic
Lemon Chrysoprase: Potentially harmful; allergen; avoid skin contact
Lopezite: Very toxic! Hazardous even through skin contact
Malachite: Harmful
Millerite: Toxic; allergen; avoid skin contact
Minium: Toxic
Nickeline: Toxic; allergen; avoid skin contact
Olivenite: Potentially toxic
Orpiment: Toxic
Proustite: Potentially toxic
Psilomelane and Pyrolusite: Harmful
Pyromorphite: Potentially toxic
Rauenthalite: Toxic
Realgar: Toxic. Store in dark, securely locked place.
Scorodite: Potentially toxic
Sphaerocobaltite: Harmful; allergen; avoid skin contact
Stibnite: Harmful
Tetrahedrite: Potentially harmful
Ulexite: Non toxic but slightly soluble in warm water
Valentiniteand Senarmontite: Harmful
Vanadinite: Toxic
Wulfentie: Potentially toxic
Reblogging complete post so that it is not truncated and lost :3
Signal boost. This is vital information, folks.
Also turquoise is water soluble
selenite is also water soluble, and feldspars like labradorite and rainbow moonstone can lose their luster if left submerged.
Lapis lazuli should also not be placed in water, as it is semi-porous and could potentially ruin the stone (also, I think it might be somewhat water soluble, but this is unconfirmed).
EARLY MORNING TWEAKERS..REBLOG
Salt spell
Ingredients: Bowl of salt
A white candle
Procedure:
Light the candle
Chant over the bowl:
“Salt of earth guard this home,
While i’m here, or when i roam.
Keep it safe and all within
For good of all, bond begins.
By my will, with harm to none.
By earth power, this spell is done!”
Put it somewhere in your house where keeps untouched.
(i like to add into the salt some chips of amathyst to protect our aura, red agate for protection and clear quartz to amplifie the energies of the others crystals)