A new form of 3-D-printed material made by combining commonly-used plastics with carbon nanotubes is tougher and lighter than similar forms of aluminium, scientists say.
The material could lead to the development of safer, lighter and more durable structures for use in the aerospace, automotive, renewables and marine industries.
In a new paper published in the journal Materials & Design, a team led by University of Glasgow engineers describe how they have developed a new plate-lattice cellular metamaterial capable of impressive resistance to impacts.
Metamaterials are a class of artificially-created cellular solids, designed and engineered to manifest properties which do not occur in the natural world.
Plastics are among the most successful materials of modern times. However, they also create a huge waste problem. Scientists from the University of Groningen (The Netherlands) and the East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) in Shanghai produced different polymers from lipoic acid, a natural molecule. These polymers are easily depolymerized under mild conditions. Some 87 percent of the monomers can be recovered in their pure form and re-used to make new polymers of virgin quality. The process is described in an article that was published in the journal Matter on 4 February.
A problem with recycling plastics is that it usually results in a lower-quality product. The best results are obtained by chemical recycling, in which the polymers are broken down into monomers. However, this depolymerization is often very difficult to achieve. At the Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, a collaboration between the University of Groningen and ECUST, scientists developed a polymer that can be created and fully depolymerized under mild conditions.
Ingestion of degrading ocean plastics likely poses a substantial risk to the survival of post-hatchling sea turtles because the particles can lead to blockages and nutritional deficiencies, according to new research from Loggerhead Marinelife Center and the University of Georgia. This puts the survival of all sea turtle populations at risk, because sea turtles may take decades to become sexually mature. The study also suggests that micronizing plastics could have tremendous negative implications for the ocean’s food web.
“We may be in the early phases of the first micronized plastic waste-associated species population decline or extinction event,” said co-author Branson W. Ritchie, a veterinarian with more than 30 years of experience in exotic and wildlife medicine and the director of technology development and implementation for the UGA New Materials Institute. “But, an even bigger issue is what micronizing plastics are doing to the ocean’s ecosystem. As ocean plastics continue to micronize, smaller and smaller particles are being consumed by the smallest creatures in our oceans, which compromises the entire food chain, because the plastic in these animals inhibits their ability to uptake the nutrients they need to survive. If the level of mortality we have observed in post-hatchling sea turtles also occurs for zoo plankton, baby fish and crustaceans, then we will witness a complete disruption in our ocean life cycle.”
An international team of researchers, affiliated UNIST has introduced an exiting new organic network structure that shows pure organic ferromagnetic property at room temperature. As described in the CHEM journal this pure organic material exhibits ferromagnetism from pure p-TCNQ without any metal contamination.
This breakthrough has been led by by Professor Jong-Beom Baek and his research team in the School of the Energy and Chemical Engineering at UNIST. In the study, the research team has synthesized a network structure from the self polymerization of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) monomer. The designed organic network structure generates stable neutral radicals.
For over two decades, there has been widespread scepticism around claims of organic plastic ferromagnetism, mostly due to contamination by transition metals. Extensive effort has been devoted to developing magnets in purely organic compounds based on free radicals, driven by both scientific curiosity and the potential applications of a ‘plastic magnet’. Excluding the contamination issues and realizing magnetic properties from pure organic plastics must occur to revive the quest for plastic magnetism.
Twenty years ago, researchers made the accidental discovery that the now infamous plastics ingredient known as bisphenol A or BPA had inadvertently leached out of plastic cages used to house female mice in the lab, causing a sudden increase in chromosomally abnormal eggs in the animals. Now, the same team is back to report in the journal Current Biology on September 13 that the array of alternative bisphenols now used to replace BPA in BPA-free bottles, cups, cages, and other items appear to come with similar problems for their mice.
“This paper reports a strange déjà vu experience in our laboratory,” says Patricia Hunt of Washington State University.
The new findings were uncovered much as before as the researchers again noticed a change in the data coming out of studies on control animals. Again, the researchers traced the problem to contamination from damaged cages, but the effects this time, Hunt says, were more subtle than before. That’s because not all of the cages were damaged and the source of contamination remained less certain.
However, she and her colleagues were able to determine that the mice were being exposed to replacement bisphenols. They also saw that the disturbance in the lab was causing problems in the production of both eggs and sperm.
Most current plastics are made from oil, which is unsustainable. However, scientists from the Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies (CSCT) at the University of Bath have developed a renewable plastic from a chemical called pinene found in pine needles.
Pinene is the fragrant chemical from the terpene family that gives pine trees their distinctive “Christmas smell” and is a waste product from the paper industry.
The researchers hope the plastic could be used in a range of applications, including food packaging, plastic bags and even medical implants.
Making renewable plastics from trees
Degradable polyesters such as PLA (polylactic acid) are made from crops such as corn or sugar cane, but PLA can be mixed with a rubbery polymer called caprolactone to make it more flexible. Caprolactone is made from crude oil, and so the resulting plastic isn’t totally renewable.
What has chemistry ever done for me, you might ask? Just as Dustin Hoffman was told by one of his would-be mentors in The Graduate, one answer is plastics – one of the greatest chemical innovations of the 20th century.
Most plastic items are made of chemicals such as polyethylene (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyurethane, or polyvinylchloride (PVC) which are all derived from oil. These monomers are obtained industrially from the fractional distillation of crude oil, and polymerised in great quantities with catalysts in a process developed in the 1950s and 60s. Chemists Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their titanium catalyst process, which for cost-effectiveness has yet to be bettered.
So the industrial feedstocks and methods of manufacturing plastics have not changed significantly for more than 60 years. But the situation has: oil is harder to come by and (usually) more expensive, and environmental pressures are growing. If we want to keep plastics, we will need to find new ways of making them.
Both an important mineral for health as a solid but poisonous as a gas, sulfur usually conjures up vivid images of fire, volcanoes and, through its archaic name brimstone, even hell itself. But in fact sulfur is a waste product from many industrial processes and could be an alternative to oil from which to manufacture plastics.
Composite materials are increasingly popular. One of the primary composite materials for modern structures is glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), which is commonly used in aviation, modern transport and wind power plants. Scientists of South Ural State University have carried out extensive studies of ballistic properties of GFRP to improve the efficiency of its use.
GFRP is relatively cheap and has high strength. However, practically all well-known results regarding ballistic characteristics of GFRP do not take into account various loads occurring when operating the structures or consider comparatively low-impact loading speeds. At the same time, a more frequently encountered problem is impacts at high speed. The team of scientists from SUSU’s Institute of Engineering and Technology have determined ballistic characteristics of glass fiber reinforced plastic under exposure to operational loads at a high speed of impact loading.
“Often, noses of modern trains, which are produced out of composite materials, are exposed to impacts during the train’s movement. We have studied the influence of the impact force on a plate made of composite material under the normal operational load. We stretched the sample, creating a strained condition, and then determined its ballistic properties in an impact,” says one of the project authors, Mikhail Zhikharev.
Introducing a simple step to the production of plant-derived, biodegradable plastic could improve its properties while overcoming obstacles to manufacturing it commercially, says new research from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Jiangnan University.
That step? Bringing the heat
Nebraska’s Yiqi Yang and colleagues found that raising the temperature of bio-plastic fibers to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit, then slowly allowing them to cool, greatly improved the bio-plastic’s normally lackluster resistance to heat and moisture.
Its thermal approach also allowed the team to bypass solvents and other expensive, time-consuming techniques typically needed to manufacture a commercially viable bio-plastic, the study reported.
Yang said the approach could allow manufacturers of corn-derived plastic – such as a Cargill plant in Blair, Nebraska – to continuously produce the biodegradable material on a scale that at least approaches petroleum-based plastic, the industry standard. Recent research estimates that about 90 percent of U.S. plastic goes unrecycled.
A team of researchers at the Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MIPT and elsewhere has determined how the regularity of polypropylene molecules and thermal treatment affect the mechanical properties of the end product. Their new insights make it possible to synthesize a material with predetermined properties such as elasticity or hardness. The paper detailing the study was published in Polymer.
In terms of production volume, polypropylene it is second only to polyethylene. By tweaking its molecular structure, polypropylene can be used to manufacture materials with a wide range of features, from elastic bands to high-impact plastic. However, the relationship between the polymer’s chemical structure and its mechanical properties is not fully understood.
What makes the properties of polymer materials so variable is their makeup. A polymer molecule is a long chain of repeating units of unequal length. If these molecules are jumbled up more or less at random in a material, it is said to be amorphous. Such polymers are soft. In other materials, the polymer chains form interconnections called crosslinks. This gives rise to regions of highly regular atomic structure (fig. 1), similar to that of crystals, hence the name crystallites. They hold the whole molecular network together, and the more crystallites there are in a material, the harder it is. To form crosslinks, molecular chains need to possess a certain structural regularity called isotacticity.
Material sciences have long influenced decision-making in the design and engineering of products. From vernacular architecture that sources local materials to the revolutionary introduction of plastics in the mid-20th century, there is no mistake that material properties guide building and manufacturing processes.
What if it also works the other way around? Eli Block (Brown Biology & RISD Industrial Design ’17) is a current student that thinks of material sciences and design as a two-way street. Having taken a few classes with him, I’ve witnessed his diverse range of geekery from alchemy to geology, and it’s awesome.
“I think the capabilities, functionality, and certainly aesthetics of designed objects are always influenced by the materials from which they’re made,” Eli said. “Still, the water can flow in the other direction and design can influence the creation of new materials.”
It’s a great point that man-made and natural materials are no longer as separate as we think. Because we have designed objects that force foreign materials together in new, unique combinations, this may give rise to novel sediments in the future. However, today we understand that this process can often be disruptive to natural processes and ecosystems.
One project that addresses this is the International Genetically Engineered Machines (iGEM) competition, for which Eli teamed up with other students to compete in 2014. Their goal was to create a biologically-produced industrial plastic material that could be used in a number of applications, which they hoped to achieve by producing cellulose acetate (a hard, durable plastic) from cellulose (commonly produced by various bacteria and plants).
“We wanted to be able to produce desirable materials as organisms do without traditional, harsh manufacturing,” Eli said. “And since our team was sponsored by the exobiology department at the NASA Ames Research Center, we were interested to see if it would be possible to produce bioplastic in space without a lot of equipment.”
Because everything is better in space! His team engaged in a complex process to achieve a fairly simple objective, aiming to transfer genes for cellulose acetylation into bacteria that could produce a high volume of bacterial cellulose. From there, they sought a high bioplastic output. Though they encountered hurdles along the way, Eli thought it was interesting to learn and experiment as they went.
Just as biology and design can form a nearly symbiotic relationship, so can geology and design. Ceramics is an age-old practice deeply tied to material properties, from mixing the clay to firing to the right temperature to applying glaze. Eli put his own spin to it when he 3D printed a series of strange, lumpy rocks and cast them in porcelain. These cast bowls are now being used as a canvas for glaze experimentation.
“I wanted to make something that mashed up result and process and randomness, kind of like Earth systems,” Eli said. “I wanted to explore texture and color at the same time that I learned about firing minerals and mixing functional glazes.”
If you’ve ever glazed ceramics, you would agree that it takes experience to understand what colors you’re going to end up with when your work is fired. Eli plans to make use of the wide range of pigments, fluxes, and fillers in the RISD glaze room to explore the possibilities. Next, he’d like to experiment with clay and mix his own blends with his collection of rocks and minerals.
When we’re so tied in the realistic constraints of materials, it’s also helpful to take a step back to be inspired by fictitious materials. Rhino is a 3D modeling and rendering program that can create images of impossible objects, so Eli employed it to create a series of strange artifacts in a number of unrealistic material combinations. Some of the composites included chrome metal with glass, or plastic with porcelain.
“The results were super weird. It’s something I’d like to pursue further.”
Yeah, the results were pretty strange, but millions of years of natural processes have given rise to much stranger creatures and formations. Yet as Eli said and many scientists and designers would agree, “many biological structures are an ideal marriage of material form and function.” So perhaps we can all take some biophilic inspiration and do something a little weird. We might just discover something new.
Reports suggest that the UK could copy Norway and adopt a deposit-based system for recycling bottles, in an effort to reduce the amount of plastic waste.
In Norway, consumers pay a deposit on every bottle they buy (from 10p-25p), before putting it into a deposit return machine, which reads the barcode and produces a coupon for the deposit. It is viewed as one of the most successful recycling methods.
Kjell Olav Maldum, chief executive of Infinitum, which runs the Norway scheme, said, ‘There are other recycling schemes, but we believe ours is the most cost-efficient. We think it could be copied in the UK, or anywhere.
‘Our principle is that if drinks firms can get bottles to shops to sell their products, they can also collect those same bottles.’
Back in December 2017, the UK government’s Environmental Audit Committee outlined the benefits of a deposit scheme. ‘Around 700,000 plastic bottles are littered in the UK every day,’ said Mary Creagh MP, chair of the committee. ‘The introduction of a small charge to encourage the return of plastic bottles will result in less littering, more recycling and reduction in the impact of plastic packaging on our natural environment.’
At the recent International Conference on Robotics and Automation, MIT researchers presented a printable origami robot that folds itself up from a flat sheet of plastic when heated and measures about a centimeter from front to back. The MIT researchers’ centimeter-long origami…
Researchers at Binghamton and Rutgers Universities, USA, have developed a self-healing fungi concrete mix that could help solve the issue of crumbling infrastructure – caused by cracks in the structure’s concrete. The team received support from the Research Foundation for the State University of New York’s Sustainable Community Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence Program.
Assistant Professor Congrui Jin, Binghamton University, commented, ‘Without proper treatment, cracks tend to progress further and eventually require costly repair […] If micro-cracks expand and reach the steel reinforcement, not only the concrete will be attacked, but also the reinforcement will be corroded, as it is exposed to water, oxygen, possibly CO2 and chlorides, leading to structural failure.’
The team found that mixing Trichoderma reesei – a fungus – with the concrete could solve this issue. The fungus lies dormant in the mix until water and oxygen reach it through cracks in the concrete.
‘With enough water and oxygen, the dormant fungal spores will germinate, grow and precipitate calcium carbonate to heal the cracks,’ commented Jin. ‘When the cracks are completely filled and ultimately no more water or oxygen can enter inside, the fungi will again form spores. As the environmental conditions become favorable in later stages, the spores could be wakened again.’
Further research is needed to ensure the fungus can survive in the concrete mix.
To find out more on materials science, packaging and engineering news, visit our website IOM3 at or follow us on Twitter @MaterialsWorld for regular news updates.
Imagine if we could take CO2, that most notorious of greenhouse gases, and convert it into something useful. Something like plastic, for example. The positive effects could be dramatic, both diverting CO2 from the atmosphere and reducing the need for fossil fuels to make products.
A group of researchers, led by the University of Toronto Ted Sargent group, just published results that bring this possibility a lot closer.
Using the Canadian Light Source and a new technique exclusive to the facility, they were able to pinpoint the conditions that convert CO2 to ethylene most efficiently. Ethylene, in turn, is used to make polyethylene—the most common plastic used today—whose annual global production is around 80 million tonnes.
“This experiment could not have been performed anywhere else in the world, and we are thrilled with the results” says U of T Ph.D. student Phil De Luna, the lead researcher on this project.
hello yes i want to talk about plastic but i’ve bored everyone i know irl away so if you want to talk about plastic or are ok with me infodumping hmu please.
we can talk about glass transition and heat transfer and vitrification and warpage. i am willing to talk about any plastic. PLA, ABS, PVA, any plastic in the PE family including PET, nylons. I’ll even go oldschool and talk bakelite.
Plastic with a thousand faces: A single piece of Nafion foil makes it possible to produce a broad palette of complex 3D structures. In the journal Angewandte Chemie, researchers describe how they use simple chemical “programming” to induce the foil to fold itself using origami and kirigami principles. These folds can be repeatedly “erased” and the foil can be “reprogrammed”.
We have all seen the cranes and lotus flowers produced from a sheet of paper by practiced hands. Origami is the traditional Japanese art of folding that transforms paper into complex three-dimensional structures without the use of adhesive. Kirigami is a related technique in which the paper is strategically cut before folding. Both of these techniques have found application in modern technology.
Adebola Oyefusi and Jian Chen from the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee (USA) have now presented a new variation on this technique. They chemically “programmed” Nafion foil so that heat causes it to fold itself into complex three-dimensional forms. The foil can also be “deprogrammed”. Nafion is a polymer that can “remember” its shape, so that a stretched piece of foil will return to its initial form upon heating.
Video: Is Plastic Sustainable? - By The British Plastics Federation
By Shardell Joseph
The British Plastics Federation (BPF) has released two videos to to help tackle some of the public misunderstandings around plastic, addressing its role in society and the best ways to prevent plastic waste.
The video’s were released after an international debate on plastic waste at the World Economic Forum last week, in support of the BPF’s recent document Understanding the Debate about Plastic, which outlines why plastic is important for modern life and the evidence on effective ways to reduce waste.
Video: Improving Plastic Recycling in the UK - By The British Plastics Federation
YouGov findings recently revealed over two-thirds of the public believe that plastic packaging is the most damaging material for producing carbon emissions during its lifecycle. Research into the environmental impact of plastic, however, disproved this, and indicated that that replacing plastic with other materials is not necessarily better for the environment. Academics have also cautioned against swapping plastic for other materials due to the unforeseen negative consequences it may have for the planet.
‘We hope that through widely sharing content such as these videos, we can help clear up public misunderstanding about plastic,’ said British Plastics Federation Director General, Philip Law. ‘The recent YouGov poll results show the issue clearly - most do not appreciate plastic’s role in helping us reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
‘Policymakers and the media need to take note. By turning away from plastics we may do a lot more harm to our environment than good. We must ensure we work together to make the best choices for our planet, and plastic has an important role to play in fighting climate change.’
A new tool for monitoring how much of recycled polymers get used in new products has been launched in the UK.
The recycling tool, called MOnitoring Recyclates for Europe (MORE), aims to track how much of recycled polymers become new products, as well as making a record of what the industry is doing to reach the 10 million tonnes of recycled polymers being used every year between 2025-2030 target set by the European Union (EU). This monitoring tool is now available for UK plastic converting companies.
By using MORE, UK companies can record and submit information on to what extent recycled polymers have been used in their new products.
On Monday 11 November, British Plastics Federation Director General, Philip Law, and European Plastics Converters Managing Director, Alexandre Dangis, signed a contract in London, making the UK – officially – the 13th country in the EU to supply the industry with the platform.
‘The plastics industry in the UK has been working to integrate more recycled content into its products and we are very happy to be making MORE available within the UK. Participation in the platform is key to its success and we urge companies to help us develop this valuable data so we can understand and communicate the UK’s progress,’ Law said.
