#respiratory
COPD exacerbations and when to give antibiotics
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The Ro-lung Stones
The Stones’ ‘Hot Lips’ logo formed from a blood vessel filled with erythrocytes within a congested zone around a focal pneumonia of the lung.
During the first stages of focal/lobar pneumonia macrophages (the larger cells that are visible in the white alveolar space) respond to phagocytose (eat) any pathogens in the lung.
Additionally, the small blood vessels within the lung tissue begin to engorge (you can see all the erythrocytes in the dilated vessels not only in the large 'hot lips’ vessel but the smaller vessels in the interalveolar septa between adjacent alveoli). This is the congestion phase.
With this dilation of vessels come more white blood cells, you can see numerous neutrophils (they are the small cells that look like they have multiple lobes to their purple nuclei) have migrated out of the vessels (a process called extravasation) into the surround tissue and alveolar spaces. These cells are signs of an additional immune response and they help the macrophages destroy pathogens in the airway.
Image is by @beautiful_pathologist - check out her Instagram for more histology.
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Emphysema due to smoking tends to cause bulla formation in the upper lobes, whereas if it is due to an inherited a1-antitrypsin deficiency, it tends to occur in the lower lobes.
Smoke rises.
The two guys at the bottom are wearing jeans because, y'know, it’s a genetic condition.
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Some causes of haemoptysis. Divided into haematological (red), infectious (green) and malignant (purple) causes.
I’m really proud of the slice of cheese in the TB granuloma. Official way of depicting TB from now on.
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