#vet student

a day in online vet school ✨

HELLO LOVELIES

I finally edited the damn thing. Only took a month of procrastination.

Check it out :) and lmk what videos you want to see from me next!

As always stay safe and my DMs/asks are always open, I love talking to all of you and answering all your questions - study related or otherwise <3

MWAH LOADS OF LOVE also you can find me on instagram for more vet school behind the scenes at @yashu_gram 

A little thing I did while filming for the YouTube video that I’ve been procrastinating on editing (for like a month now lmao omg I need to fix my procrastination issue)

I thought this was a fun little look into my neat notes vs. my messy notes :D just wanted to show you guys that I don’t always have perfect cutesy handwriting and that that’s in fact fairly normal.

♫ Graceland Too, Phoebe Bridgers

Hii friends - currently willing myself to sit through four hours worth of lectures on suturing. Basically which knots to tie and when. Kinda dull ngl, would much rather be learning about the surgeries themselves but I know every single bit of knowledge is a step in the right direction so I’ve got my bubble tea and i’m trying to pay close attention!

Also my driving instructor said I did good today hehehe. Next on the agenda after these lectures: draft my essay and edit a yt video on how I study! 

Drop me any asks you have or comment or message me about how your day is going! I love speaking to all of you :D

♫ I Fall In Love Too Easily, Frank Sinatra

hi friends i made a youtube video uwu please check it out and send me asks on what you’d like me to talk about next? If u feel like it? Send me messages and asks and leave comments about how ur day went <3

much love from a vet student away from vet school who just wants to hold an animal

Thinking of setting up your own blood donation programme in your practice? 

These are the factors you need to consider when accepting cats and dogs into the programme! 

Th ideal blood donor should be in good health, in good body condition and  on the large size (but not obese) so that a decent amount of blood can be taken! They must be up to date with their vaccinations to ensure they are not harbouring any infectious diseases that could be passed on to the recipient. No travel outside of the country is essential for the same reason. Cats ideally should be from single cat households and live indoors only - this reduces the risk of FeLV and FIV being a concern. 

It is essential that any donor on the programme has never had a blood transfusion. 

These patients will require iv catheter placements and prolonged restraint for bleeding, they must be placid, easily handled and not highly strung. They should not find the process of donating blood scary and stressful. 

Pre-blood donation checks:
PCV + TP/TS + General health/recent illnesses + blood pressure + the last time they donated blood. 

Always attempt to rule out underlying heart disease in cat before accepting them onto a donation programme - donating blood can kill cats that have heart disease,

BIOCHEMISTRY BLOOD TESTING

Biochemistry blood test measures the levels of chemical substances carried in the blood. This type of test allows us to evaluate the how well the liver and kidneys are working and how much fat and sugar is circulating in the bloodstream.

Blood Glucose 

When carbohydrates are eaten they are broken down and stored in the Liver as Glycogen until the animal needs energy where it is then converted to glucose and transported around the body. We use blood glucose as a monitor of metabolism and physiology.

Normal BG (Canine) - 5.6 to 13.9mmol/L

Normal BG (Feline) - 5.6 to 16.7mmol/L

INCREASED BG - Diabetes Mellitus is indicated however it is recommended that the urine is also checked for Glucose as if present this means the kidneys have reached their threshold and Diabetes is very likely. Note that cats can have stress induced hyperglycemia and so a diagnosis of diabetes should not be made on a single BG reading.

DECREASED BG - Patients that are sick and deliberated often have hypoglycemia. but puppies who have been starved for procedures can also suffer from a low BG. In addition to this hunting breeds that have been working hard for a prolonged time can also suffer from a low BG.

Bun Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

BUN is the by product produced when Proteins are broken down and used within the body. This by-product is excreted by the Kidneys in the urine. 

INCREASED BUN - This would mean the kidneys are not working sufficiently and could be an indicator of kidney disease or kidney obstruction that is preventing urine reaching the bladder and therefore build up in the Kidney. Heart disease causing poor circulation to the kidneys could also be a cause of increased BUN.

DECREASED BUN - As the liver breaks down Protein a lower level of BUN could indicate that the liver is not working as well as it should and isn’t breaking down protein as well as it should.

Creatinine (CREA)

Creatinine is solely filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

INCREASED CREA - Impaired Kidney function

Calcium (CAL)

Calcium is a mineral that is found at a consistent level within the blood. It’s needed for muscle and nerve function and without it death can occur.

INCREASED CAL - Some types of cancers and medications can cause an increase in Calcium.

DECREASED CAL - Some animals can experience low calcium levels during pregnancy, post partum and during lactation. This condition is called Eclampsia.

Total Protein (TP) 

The measurement of two blood protein molecules: Albumin and Globulins. Albumin is produced by the Liver and levels are often decreased when the animal is going through a period of poor nutrition. Chronic infectious disease will also cause low Albumin levels.

Globulins include immunoglobulins which are used by the body to fight infection. Certain diseases such as FIP can cause an increase in this.

Bilirubin (BIL)

Haemoglobin is found inside red blood cells, it carries oxygen to tissues around the body. When RBC’s die or are destroyed and the haemoglobin is broken down, bilirubin is a by product of this process which is then excreted by the Liver. 

INCREASED BIL -  An increase can be seen when the Liver is diseased and is can’t clear the bilirubin efficiently. A liver or bile duct obstruction can cause bilirubin to build up thus resulting in high levels in the blood so this should also be considered.

Alkaline Phophatese (ALKP)

This is an enzyme used to assist with various chemical reactions within the body. The normal levels vary from animal to animal but in dogs, an increase could indicate some forms of cancer or Liver disease.

Atanine Amino Transferase (ALT)

This is an important enzyme for adequate Liver function. An increase in this enzyme would indicate that Liver cells are breaking down, this could be because of cancer, cirrhosis, or liver congestion due to heart failure.

Cholesterol (CHOL)

INCREASE CHOL - Inadequate Thyroid function

DECREASE CHOL - The animal has been through a period of starvation or is not having their nutritional requirements met.

SODIUM: POTASSIUM RATIO

These levels are almost always interpreted together. Their levels can be affected if there is a disease of the adrenal glands, heart, or kidneys. 

INCREASED RATIO - Not clinically significant

DECREASED RATIO - Primary Hypoadrenocorticism

When evaluated on their own: 

INCREASED K+ -  Acute kidney failure, Chronic kidney disease or Addisons disease.

DECREASED K+ - Chronic kidney disease, or lost through vomiting and diarrhoea.

INCREASED SODIUM - Dehydration through vomiting and diarrhoea

DECREASED SODIUM - caused by severe vomiting and diarrhoea or can be seen if the patient has been on diuretics. 

I’m sorry this has taken so long to do and that it’s so rushed :( 

Cookie Monster Ovary

Today’s ihearthisto is brought to you by the letter O for Oocyte!

i♡histo

This is image shows a high magnification view of a slice through an ovary.

You are looking at four tiny primordial follicles (the cookies above Cookie Monster’s head) located in the outer cortex of the ovary. Each of these follicles contains a single dormant, immature egg (a primary oocyte) that is halted in the the first phase of meiosis (prophase I). Eventually these follicles will be recruited to enter the maturation cycle that, against all the odds, could see them develop into an embryo.

Cookie monster himself is a larger multilaminar primary follicle (the cookie in his mouth is the nucleus of the oocyte within the follicle). This type of follicle has already been recruited and it’s follicular cells are dividing and differentiating. The oocyte within it though is still halted in prophase I of meiosis.

An oocyte will only complete meiosis if it is ovulated and fertilized by a spermatozoon (a sperm cell).

Prostate Snail

A secretory gastropod with a corpus amylaceum shell!

i❤️histo

This image is a close up view of a slice through the prostate gland!

The glandular portion of the prostate is composed of secretory acini that release prostatic fluid into a duct system within the gland. Prostatic fluid is a major component of semen and is rich in protein and sugar that keeps spermatozoa nourished as they travel through the reproductive tract.
The snail’s head and body are composed of the secretory epithelial cells!

The giant shell of the snail is a structure known as a prostatic concretion (corpus amylaceum or starchy body). This is a substance thought to be composed of thickened prostatic secretions and shed cells that is found in the acini and ducts of the prostate gland - it is of unknown significance.
However, these structures do increase in number with age and are a useful identifying feature of prostate in both non-pathological and pathological prostate specimens.

The space between the secretory acini is filled with a mixture of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle.

The smooth muscle is important because it contracts during ejaculation to push the prostatic fluid out of the gland and into the prostatic urethra where it mixes with spermatozoa arriving from the testis.

The connective tissue component is important clinically because as people with prostate glands grow older this fibrous tissue can undergo hyperplasia (excessive growth). This growth can constrict the urethra which passes directly through the prostate gland. The urethra, in addition to conveying semen during ejaculation, also carries urine during micturition/urination. This explains some of the symptoms associated with the common disorder, benign prostatic hyperplasia when urination becomes problematic for the elderly.

The Organ Rings [Answers]

Original post without answers:

 https://www.ihearthisto.com/post/657148528765911040/the-organ-rings-to-commemorate-the-olympic

Trachea: C-shaped cartilage, a pseudostratified epi with cilia & goblet cells

Esophagus: Non-keratinized stratified squamous epi and muscularis mucosa

⚫ Artery (distributing): Prominent internal elastic lamina & thick smooth muscle tunica media

Bladder or Ureter: Transitional epithelium

Appendix: Crypts of Lieberkuhn (no villi) with surrounding submucosal lymph nodules

Thanks for playing!

Enjoy the games!

ihh

The Organ Rings

To commemorate the Olympic Games here are some slices through a few of the more tubular organs in your body!

Do you know what they are? Comment below!

Winner gets the gold medal!

[I’ll post the answers soon!]

Jurassic Pork

The pork tapeworm Taenia solium or a brachiosaurus?

i♡histo

This image shows the tapeworm T. solium, a parasite found in the bowels of humans who eat under-cooked pork.

You can see the proglottid segments of the worm’s neck/body and its terrifying scolex (head) complete with a hooked rostellum which it uses to attach itself onto your intestinal wall so that you don’t poop it out easily.

Fully grown worms can expand to around 2-3 meters in length and are composed of numerous segments each of which form their own reproductive unit.

The life cycle of the parasite begins when pigs ingest the T. solium eggs (from fecal contamination). The eggs develop into larvae inside the pig & then migrate through the intestinal wall to form cysts in their muscles & tissues.

Once slaughtered for meat, the larvae can be ingested by humans if the pork is eaten raw or under-cooked. Once in the human small intestine the larvae grow into large adult worms where they persist often unnoticed due to the lack of symptoms associated with their existence. The worms lay eggs into the intestines which are released during defecation thus continuing the life cycle.

“Life finds a way” - Dr. Ian Malcolm, Jurassic Park

A major complication of infection with T. solium is Cysticercosis. This is a parasitic tissue infection caused by the larval cysts of the tapeworm. These larval cysts infect brain, muscle, or other tissue, and are a cause of adult onset seizures. A person only gets cysticercosis by swallowing the eggs found in the feces of a person who has an intestinal tapeworm NOT from contracting a tapeworm by eating under-cooked pork itself. So people living in the same household with someone who has a tapeworm have a much higher risk of getting cysticercosis than people who don’t because they can be exposed to the eggs released in the stool.

A Pacinian Fingerprint at the Scene of the Crime

With all of this criminal activity it’s not surprising the body is full of cells!

i♡histo

A Pacinian or lamellar corpuscle is a mechanoreceptor that is most frequently found at the junction of the dermis/hypodermis in the skin. They are particularly prominent in the skin of the fingers and palms.  In addition to the skin they are also found in other organs (e.g. mesentery, pancreas).

These very unique fingerprint-like structures have characteristic whorls formed from concentric lamella. Each lamella is separated from the next by a fluid filled space. And each lamella is lined on its inner and outer surface by connective tissue synthesized by the fibroblasts also in this region (you can see the nuclei of the fibroblasts in these lamellae in this image).

A nerve runs from the inner core of the corpuscle and is responsible for the transduction of mechanical forces applied to the skin into electrical signals that are conveyed to the central nervous system via the dorsal root ganglion.
This organization of fluid filled lamella and a central nerve are highly sensitive to pressure, particularly vibrational forces generated during tasks that involve a manipulative or tactile nature, like sensing the texture of a surface that is touched.

In fact, the screen of the phone/tablet you are using right now has been designed with the specific intention of stimulating the Pacinian corpuscles in your finger as you scroll.

So why not test out the Pacinians of your index finger for a moment by liking this post and following!! :-)

⭐ Patrick Star in a Sperm Tube

My favorite Patrick in honor of #stpaddysday☘️ 

Some say that Patrick Star and the male reproductive tract are fairly similar… but if you look closely there’s actually a vas deferens.

i♡histo

This image shows the tube through which spermatozoa travel during ejaculation. It is called the vas deferens (ductus deferens). 

Histologically it is unique because of its unique pseudostratified epithelium (surrounding Patrick…check out the unique regular beaded appearance of the basal cells in this epithelium) and its triple-layered smooth muscle wall - so thick you can actually palpate it within the spermatic cord within the scrotum. Patrick is actually within the empty space of the lumen of the tube (where the sperm travels). 

Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and travel to the epididymis where they complete the maturation process. During ejaculation, a peristaltic wave of strong muscular contractions propel the sperm from the epididymis and into the vas deferens. This wave of peristalsis continues along the triple-thick muscle wall of the vas deferens eventually pushing the sperm out into the urethra. From here they have enough momentum to travel along the length of the penis before exiting exit the tube at the external urethral meatus (the fancy anatomical name for the hole at the end of the penis).

But sperm are not the only stuff that is ejaculated… at the same time as the sperm is moving along this pathway, the smooth muscle surrounding a number of glands also contracts which pushes their secretions into the urethra too at the same moment that the sperm is moving through it. These include secretions from the seminal vesicles (seminal fluid), prostate gland (prostatic fluid) and bulbourethral glands.

The final concoction that is ejaculated is actually a combination of sperm and all of these extra sperm-nourishing secretions and collectively it is known as semen.

Which brings us back to where we started with this sea-man - Patrick Star!

#histology #science #pathology #pathologists #anatomy #autopsy #patrickstar #spongebob #vasdeferens #malereproductive #stpatricksday #menshealth #premed #biology #medicaleducation #meded #nurse #nursing #medschool #medstudent #medicine #medlab #vetscience #vetschool #ihearthisto

The Ro-lung Stones 

The Stones’ ‘Hot Lips’ logo formed from a blood vessel filled with erythrocytes within a congested zone around a focal pneumonia of the lung.

During the first stages of focal/lobar pneumonia macrophages (the larger cells that are visible in the white alveolar space) respond to phagocytose (eat) any pathogens in the lung.

Additionally, the small blood vessels within the lung tissue begin to engorge (you can see all the erythrocytes in the dilated vessels not only in the large 'hot lips’ vessel but the smaller vessels in the interalveolar septa between adjacent alveoli). This is the congestion phase.

With this dilation of vessels come more white blood cells, you can see numerous neutrophils (they are the small cells that look like they have multiple lobes to their purple nuclei) have migrated out of the vessels (a process called extravasation) into the surround tissue and alveolar spaces. These cells are signs of an additional immune response and they help the macrophages destroy pathogens in the airway. 

Image is by @beautiful_pathologist - check out her Instagram for more histology.

Santa Larvae 

Hurry down my cecum tonight!

i♡histo

A nematode larva (Contracaecum) in the digestive tract of a seal. The eggs of this parasitic nematode use fish as an intermediate host before infecting piscivorous mammals, including humans who may forget to clean their holiday salmon!

This festive image was captured by veterinary pathologist @velphegor_vetpath via Instagram.

Happy holidays everyone!

Blobfish-face

A coronal section through a developing jaw (when flipped upside down) looks like poor old blobfish!

i♡histo

The blobfish eyes are formed from Meckel’s cartilage. A component of the first pharyngeal arch that runs the length of the developing mandible. It degenerates as the fetus develops leaving only two small components on each side of the head. These ossify (become bone) to form the incus & malleus (ear ossicles) of the middle ear.

The blobfish nose is the developing tongue. It is composed of developing skeletal muscle fibers. Skeletal muscle forms from myoblasts that line up & fuse to form long myotubes. These will then synthesize actin/myosin which will allow them to contract & form the intrinsic skeletal muscle of the tongue.

The blobfish chin is formed by the developing maxilla. Two regions of tissue (the palatine shelves) grow together & fuse in the midline to form the posterior hard palate. You can see the midline suture forming & feel it in your own mouth by running your tongue along the roof of your mouth. Failure of these to fuse results in a variety of cleft lip and palate combinations.

The blobfish head is formed from a developing mandible. You can see small islands of bone forming within the mesenchymal tissue of the head. This type of bone development is called intramembranous ossification.

The blobfish is native to coastal waters off mainland Australia and Tasmania where it lives way deep down in the darkest depths of the ocean. Its gelatinous body is ideal for withstanding the pressure down there but when brought to the surface it looks like a sad melted pink crayon.

#histology #science #pathology #pathologists #anatomy #autopsy #blobfish #embryology #premed #biology #dentalschool #dentalstudent #dentistry #medicaleducation #meded #nurse #nursing #medschool #medstudent #medicine #medlab #vetscience #vetschool #vetstudent #histologia #histotech #histo #pathArt #ihearthisto

Caaaaarrrggghhh-diovascular Histology 

Terrifying a medical student near you this Halloween!

ihisto

The zombie’s lifeless eyes are arterioles.

His blood-filled mouth is a small vein.

All wrapped up in a connective tissue face.

Happy Halloween Histo fans!

The Creepiest Fibroblast You Will Ever See

With a nucleus straight from the fiery depths of hell*

ihisto

*Note: Fibroblasts do not come from hell. They are actually derived from embryonic mesoderm and the creepiest thing they do is secrete the collagen and ground substance of connective tissue. Not very creepy at all really when you think about it.

Histology is from the microscope of the ‘fiancee of ned4spd8834’