#garlic
Conjure Garlic
1st level conjuration for all spellcasters
Casting time: 1 action
Reach: self
Components: V, S
Duration: until eaten or rotten
You conjure a garlic on the palm of your hand. But somewhere in the world, someone now misses one of their garlics.
At higher levels: If you cast this spell on a higher level slot, you conjure one additional garlic per higher spell level.
Edit: available for all spellcasters now, because everyone needs garlic.
“assorted still lives of nothing in particular”
in order, “nothing”, “a beach”, “the moon”, “an abandoned building”, “a bowl of fruit and a mirror”
Hi All,
Apologies about the lack of article reviews lately, but I’m in the middle of suffering through writing a proposal for my PhD dissertation, which I will be defending halfway through next month (gulp gulp). I’m afraid I’ll need to take a bit of a break while I desperately write about narratives, reported speech, and deception. However, while I’ll be back to posting articles in a few weeks, in the meantime enjoy this article about how linguists could actually help us talk to aliens.
LL Recipe Comparison:
This article reminds me of the recipe for Linguine with Gremolada:
Much as this article points out that we can’t assume we will know if aliens rely on sight to communicate, in making this recipe it would be good to assume that only a few people will know how to make Gremolada (minced garlic, parsley, and lemon zest FYI). The combination of the Gremolada with some orange zest and garlic is sure to spice up your day, similar to how we need to spice up our understanding of the possible ways that aliens communicate. Good Cooking!
MWV 10/25/18
Abduction, Dialogicality and Prior Text: The Taking on of Voices in Conversational Discourse
By: Deborah Tannen
Published by: Linguistic Society of America
Annual Meeting Plenary Address
January 8, 2009
LL Abstract:
In this address, Deborah Tannen outlines a theoretical framework for the notion of dialogicality, or the way that people draw on constructed voices of others to display identities that either display relationship status or hierarchies in a given interaction. Focusing on the constructed dialogue strategy of ventriloquizing, or the practice in which a speaker uses phonological, lexical, and syntactic resources to take on the voice of another or of an alternative personal persona. Illustrating her claims with examples from natural conversation, she argues that this animation allows speakers to negotiate two dynamics shaping conversation: relative closeness or distance on one hand, and relative hierarchy or equality on the other.
LL Summary:
Tannen (2009) begins this address by connecting Penelope Eckert’s work on indexicality and personae to her framework of meaning in interaction, noting the influence of Bateson, Bakhtin, and Becker. Describing her address as dealing with prior text and thus intertextuality, she next introduces her focus on the discursive strategy of reported speech, which she characterizes as “constructed dialogue” due to how speakers use this strategy to “take on the persona” of others. Tannen then outlines her theoretical framework, beginning with Mikhail Bakhtin’s (1952-53 [1986])views on dialogicality (or the interplay between current and previously experienced instances of language). Bakhtin describes every utterance as full of echoes and reverberations of other utterances, so that a current utterance is in “dialogue” with previous utterances. After explaining Gregory Bateson’s (1979) ideas on meaning as relationships from things to other things, Tannen ends this section by adopting A.L. Becker’s (1995) concept of ‘languaging’, where language is context-shaping (in other words, context is created by language) and outlined by a series of six relations. Before moving on to further examples, Tannen explains her own theoretical framework of the ambiguity and polysemy of connection and power. In her concept, every utterance and relationship results from a combination of two dynamics driving conversational discourse: relative closeness vs. distance and relative hierarchy vs. equality. She gives the example of overlapping speech, which can be in some instances be an interruption (or power maneuver) and in others be a cooperative overlap (as an enthusiastic chiming in or “cooperative overlap”, a connection maneuver). In her theory, such a display can be both polysemous (both a connection and power play) or ambiguous (can be either of the two moves). In the next part of her address, Tannen uses examples of ventriloquizing to show how people take on voices of others to introduce a persona, and to borrow characteristics from that persona in a move of creating closeness or distance with their interlocutor. In the family interactions she describes, fathers take on the voices of mothers to downplay directives, mothers voice dogs to get their kids to clean toys, children voice themselves and fathers, and expecting mothers voice their unborn children to chastise fathers-to-be. In these examples, Tannen argues that speakers communicate meaning by taking on voices that create personas, then borrow recognizable characteristics associated with them to negotiate relative connection and hierarchy. She concludes by revealing the role of this linguistic strategy in shaping family relations, arguing that intertextuality plays a key role in shaping discourse and the negotiation of connection and power in interaction.
LL Recipe Comparison:
This address reminds me of the recipe for one-pot Parmesan and Garlic Linguine:
Much as this delicious dish is remarkably easy to make (in one pot!), you will find this address remarkably easy to consume quickly! Tannen raises some thoughtful arguments about the role of prior text in conversation, and you will raise normal arguments with your family about who gets to finish this garlicky, cheesy pasta. I’d recommend adding some sun-dried tomatoes or dried kalamata olives to add a pit of texture to this amazing recipe, and it only takes 15 minutes to make! Good Cooking!
MWV 9/22/18
Oh-prefaced responses to inquiry
By: John Heritage
Published by: Language in Society
Volume 27
Pages 291–334
LL Abstract:
In this article, Heritage (1998) looks at the appearance of the discourse marker “oh” in a particular context - turn-initial position in responses to questions - and demonstrates how the use of “oh” generally suggests a change of state in the speaker. He shows how this oh-prefacing may mark a previous question as problematic or indicate that a speaker is reluctant to pursue a conversational topic. After exploring a wide range of examples where oh-prefaced turns are produced, the article concludes that while “oh” generally shows its producer has undergone a cognitive “change of state,” people rely on the contextual aspects of their utterances to determine the sense of this change.
LL Summary:
Heritage begins with several examples from conversations to show how “oh” generally shows or registers that its producer has undergone a change in state of knowledge or information. He then specifies the focus of this paper: oh-prefaced turns that are produced as the second pair in a sequence, aka those that are produced in response to a question. The author continues by characterizing “oh” as indicating that a question has occasioned a marked shift of attention, meaning it was unexpected or problematic in some way. In this section, Heritage discusses an interview with Princess Margaret and excerpts between students and teachers to conclude that one function of “oh” prefaced responses is to indicate that the question to which they respond is inapposite. In the next section, he expands on inapposite inquiries by distinguishing between cases where the question indexes something “already known” by participants because of prior talk or joint understandings, and cases where questions are poorly fitted to the sequential context they are produced in. The author looks at examples of women and men and finds a pattern of assertion -> query -> oh-prefaced reassertion that is produced when matters from prior talk are questioned. Looking at reported speech, Heritage shows how some oh-prefacing indicates that a question’s answer is self-evident from the physical or cultural/individual knowledge context, or that there is some element of the social environment that makes the question problematic. After using examples of the functions of oh-prefacing in troubles-telling, questions, and problematic questions, he notes that in some contexts, the exploitation of oh-prefacing as a method of emphatic response to questions has become quite common. In the following section, the article explores cases where oh-prefacing is used to project reluctance to talk about the topic raised by an inquiry. Heritage identifies three ways that this reluctance is shown in the data: oh-prefaced responses are minimal or unelaborated in the matter of the inquiry, producers of oh-prefaced responses unilaterally shift topic immediately after the response or shortly after, or these producers withhold on-topic talk (aka remain silent). In the final section of the article, Heritage examines responses to personal state inquiries like “How are you?” Building on Jefferson’s (1980) work on troubles talk, where she proposes that this troubles talk is marked by a general tension between attending the trouble or “business as usual,” the author shows that oh-prefacing can intensify the downgrading of downgraded responses (like “oh pretty good”). Finally, Heritage concludes by restating his argument that oh-prefacing uniformly conveys the sense that the prior question has occasioned a shift in attention to the matter of the question, so that its central use is implying the inappositeness of this question.
LL Recipe Comparison:
This article reminds me of the recipe for Lemon-Asparagus Linguine with Garlicky Panko:
While Heritage identifies multiple functions of oh-prefaced responses in his article, the recipe for this dish will leave you swooning over its simple steaming ingredients! Much as we use oh-prefaced responses to suggest a range of social cues, this dish has a range of flavors - asparagus, lemon, garlic, that suggest a crisp and zesty bite. Good cooking!
MWV 2/12/18
PS Apologies for the delays in posting, all! About to finish a qualifying review paper by March so going underground until that’s done- will post short updates until that’s over! Bon Appétit until then!
Hi All,
I hope you all are having a chance to take a break from work as 2018 approaches! I’ll be back to reviewing articles after the LSA annual meeting in January, but until then here’s an interesting article about gentrification and bilingual education to tide you over. Enjoy!
LL Article Comparison:
This article reminds me of the recipe for pasta mista:
Much as this Italian recipe elevates pasta that Americans might throw away, the article discusses how middle-class white families are beginning to elevate their perceptions of bilingual education. However, unlike the worrisome implications of this strain on those students who might be pushed out of multilingual instruction, you’ll find this recipe for an usual type of pasta, chickpea, and basil dish has only delicious implications if you give it a go. Good cooking, and see you in 2018!
MWV 12/29/17